# Knowledge Base Table of contents: * [ImportError: DLL load failed (Windows)](#importerror-dll-load-failed-windows) * [Notifications about new releases / commits](#notifications-about-new-releases--commits) * [Changes in API after CEF updates](#changes-in-api-after-cef-updates) * [Differences between Python 2 and Python 3](#differences-between-python-2-and-python-3) * [How to enable debug information in examples?](#how-to-enable-debug-information-in-examples) * [Debugging using various chrome:// protocol uris](#debugging-using-various-chrome-protocol-uris) * [A blank window on Mac/Linux](#a-blank-window-on-maclinux) * [Location of CEF framework in Mac apps](#location-of-cef-framework-in-mac-apps) * [Flash support](#flash-support) * [Feature X works in Google Chrome, but doesn't work in CEF Python](#feature-x-works-in-google-chrome-but-doesnt-work-in-cef-python) * [How to capture Audio and Video in HTML5?](#how-to-capture-audio-and-video-in-html5) * [Touch and multi-touch support](#touch-and-multi-touch-support) * [Black or white browser screen](#black-or-white-browser-screen) * [Python crashes with "Segmentation fault" - how to debug?](#python-crashes-with-segmentation-fault---how-to-debug) * [Windows XP support](#windows-xp-support) * [Mac 32-bit support](#mac-32-bit-support) * [Security](#security) ## ImportError: DLL load failed (Windows) If you get such an error on Windows: ```Text import cefpython3 Traceback (most recent call last): File "", line 1, in File "C:\Python3\lib\site-packages\cefpython3\__init__.py", line 59, in from . import cefpython_py36 as cefpython ImportError: DLL load failed: The specified module could not be found. ``` Then most probably this is caused, because you are missing "msvcp140.dll" dependency (for Python 3.5/3.6 for example). This is a dependency for Python C++ extensions (eg. cefpython_py36.pyd depends on it). For Python 3.5/3.6 to fix this download [Visual C++ Redistributable for VS2015](https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/download/details.aspx?id=52685) (13 MB) - this is just a VC++ redistributable, not a Visual Studio package. For 32-bit download "vc_redist.x86.exe" file and for 64-bit download "vc_redist.x64.exe" file. Explanation: msvcp140.dll is the DLL for the C++ runtime library. This dependency is added by Cython when building CEF Python module. It seems that Python 3.6 only ships "vcruntime140.dll" which is the DLL for the C runtime library. On a side note, when using pyinstaller/py2exe tools for freezing application into exe then these tools should automatically detect the msvcp140.dll dependency and ship it with your application. Created [Issue #359](../../../issues/359) to track this problem. ## Notifications about new releases / commits To be notified of new releases subscribe to this [RSS/Atom feed](../../../releases.atom). Announcements are also made on the [Forum](https://groups.google.com/d/forum/cefpython). To be notified of these via email set your Membership and Email settings and change delivery preference to Daily summaries. To be notified on new commits subscribe to this [RSS/Atom feed](../../../commits/master.atom). ## Changes in API after CEF updates CEF Python depends on CEF and API breaks are inevitable when updating to latest CEF. The [Migration Guide](Migration-guide.md) document lists most notable breaking changes for each release. Other changes that do not backwards compatibility can be seen on [GitHub Releases](../../../releases) pages. Due to unavoidable changes in API it is recommended for your setup scripts that use for example PIP to install the cefpython3 package, to hardcode the cefpython version string. If for example using PIP's requirements.txt file then list the cefpython3 package in the following format if using cefpython v57.0: `cefpython3 == 57.0`. ## Differences between Python 2 and Python 3 In Python 2 all cefpython strings are byte strings, but in Python 3 they are all unicode strings. Be aware of this when porting cefpython based apps to Python 3, as it may cause issues. ## How to enable debug information in examples? You can pass "--debug" command line flag to any of CEF Python examples and unit tests. It will also work with your app, as this feature is enabled in CEF Python's core. When this flag is passed the following settings will be set: ```python settings = { "debug": True, "log_severity": cef.LOGSEVERITY_INFO, "log_file": "debug.log", } cef.Initialize(settings=settings) ``` Now you should see debug information displayed in console like this: ``` [CEF Python] Initialize() called [CEF Python] CefExecuteProcess(): exitCode = -1 [CEF Python] CefInitialize() [CEF Python] App_OnBeforeCommandLineProcessing_BrowserProcess() [CEF Python] Command line string for the browser process: ... ``` ## Debugging using various chrome:// protocol uris The `chrome://` protocol uris give you access to various debugging tools. For example if you encounter GPU issues then after the issue occured load the `chrome://gpu` to see a list of errors. Here is a list of supported `chrome://` protocol uris as of v55.2: - chrome://accessibility - chrome://appcache-internals - chrome://blob-internals - chrome://credits - chrome://gpu - chrome://histograms - chrome://indexeddb-internals - chrome://license - chrome://media-internals - chrome://net-export - chrome://net-internals - chrome://network-error - chrome://network-errors - chrome://resources - chrome://serviceworker-internals - chrome://system - chrome://tracing - chrome://version - chrome://view-http-cache - chrome://webrtc-internals - chrome://webui-hosts ## A blank window on Mac/Linux A blank window might appear when your Python does not support GUI applications and this seems to be the case when you're using a custom Python installation. On system Python everything should work just fine. - On Mac it is required for Python to be build as a framework. See here: https://github.com/pyenv/pyenv/wiki#how-to-build-cpython-with-framework-support-on-os-x - On Linux it is required for Python to be build as a shared library. See here: https://github.com/pyenv/pyenv/wiki#how-to-build-cpython-with---enable-shared For a more detailed explanation see this comment by Robin Dunn from the wxPython project: https://github.com/wxWidgets/Phoenix/issues/288#issuecomment-294896145 ## Location of CEF framework in Mac apps This information here is for when creating apps for distribution on Mac. By default CEF expects that CEF framework is located at `Contents/Frameworks/Chromium Embedded Framework.framework` in the top-level app bundle. If that is not the case then you have to set ApplicationSettings.[framework_dir_path](../api/ApplicationSettings.md#framework_dir_path) before calling cef.Initialize(). You may also need to change the structure and embedded paths in CEF framework and in the cefpython module. Here are the default settings: ``` cefpython_package/ cefpython_py27.so rpath=@loader_path/ load:@rpath/Chromium Embedded Framework.framework/Chromium Embedded Framework Chromium Embedded Framework.framework/ Chromium Embedded Framework id:@rpath/Chromium Embedded Framework.framework/Chromium Embedded Framework ``` When creating Mac app for distribution you may want to change directory structure, so you might have to change these settings embedded in these libraries. You can do so with these commands: ``` install_name_tool -rpath old new install_name_tool -change old new install_name_tool -id name ``` To check whether it succeeded run these commands: ``` otool -l file otool -L file ``` ## Flash support See [Issue #235](../../../issues/235) ("Flash support in CEF 51+"). ## Feature X works in Google Chrome, but doesn't work in CEF Python CEF Python embeds Chromium Embedded Framework (CEF) which is based on Chromium browser. Functionality may differ a bit from Google Chrome. The browser from Google is a proprietary software that for example includes MPEG-4/H.264 codecs that aren't included in the open source Chromium. CEF currently doesn't support Chrome Extensions, but basic support for Chrome Extensions is being implemented in upstream CEF as of now. To see if some feature is working or a bug is fixed in newer CEF release perform the following steps: 1. Go to [Spotify Automated Builds](http://opensource.spotify.com/cefbuilds/index.html) to download latest CEF for your platform. Choose "Sample Application" binaries. 2. Extract the archive and run sample application from the Release/ directory. ## How to capture Audio and Video in HTML5? To be able to use the getUserMedia() function you need to set the "enable-media-stream" switch. See [api/Command line switches](../api/CommandLineSwitches.md) document. ## Touch and multi-touch support In CEF v47 or later touch device is auto-detected and everything should work out of the box. If that's not the case try setting the following switches: * --touch-events=enabled * --enable-pinch See [api/Command line switches](../api/CommandLineSwitches.md) document. ## Black or white browser screen If you get a black or white screen in the browser view then this may be caused by incompatible GPU (video card) drivers. There are following solutions to this: 1. When CEF Python is updated to a newer CEF/Chromium version then the problem may be disappear. Check with latest Google Chrome if that is the case. 2. Try updating your video card drivers to the latest version available 3. You can disable GPU hardware acceleration by adding the "disable-gpu" and "disable-gpu-compositing" command line switches. See the [api/Command Line Switches](../api/CommandLineSwitches.md). Note that this will degrade performance if you're using any advanced 3D features. It will affect 2D accelerated content as well. Note that when web page uses WebGL then the black screen may still appear even after disabling GPU hardware acceleration. This is normal because GPU was disabled so WebGL cannot work. ## Python crashes with "Segmentation fault" - how to debug? Install gdb: - On Linux type: `sudo apt-get install gdb` - On Mac type: `brew install gdb` and then [sign gdb](https://sourceware.org/gdb/wiki/BuildingOnDarwin#Giving_gdb_permission_to_control_other_processes) - Additionally on Mac to get a meaningful stack trace with gdb do these steps: - Install [macports](https://www.macports.org/install.php) and restart terminal - Type `sudo port install gdb-apple` - Type `sudo codesign -s "gdb-cert" /opt/local/bin/gdb-apple` - Type `/opt/local/bin/gdb-apple python` Run python script using gdb: ``` gdb python run tkinter_.py ``` On segmentation fault to display stack trace type: ``` bt ``` On Mac to use lldb: ``` lldb python run tkinter_.py bt ``` ## Windows XP support CEF Python v31.2 was the last version to support Windows XP. This is due to Chromium/CEF dropping XP support, last CEF version that supported XP was v49. On XP you should disable GPU acceleration by using the --disable-gpu and --disable-gpu-compositing switches. These switches must be passed programmatically to cef.Initialize(), see [api/Command Line Switches](../api/CommandLineSwitches.md). ## Mac 32-bit support CEF Python v31.2 was the last version to support Mac 32-bit. This is due to CEF/Chromium dropping 32-bit support, last CEF version that supported 32-bit was v38. ## Security A quote by Marshall Greenblatt: > CEF offers significant integration capabilities beyond what > is offered by a standard Google Chrome browser installation. > The trade off for these additional capabilities is that > organizations using CEF must take responsibility for their own > application security. CEF and the underlying open source projects > (Chromium, WebKit, etc) involve a significant amount of code and > offer no warranties. Organizations should document and follow best > practices to minimize potential security risks. Here are some > recommended best practices that organizations can consider: > - Only load known/trusted content. This is by far the best way > to avoid potential security issues. > - Disable plugins. This will avoid a large category of security > issues caused by buggy versions of Flash, Java, etc. > - Do not explicitly disable or bypass security features in your > application. For example, do not enable CefBrowserSettings that > bypass security features or add fake headers to bypass HTTP > access control. > - Keep your application up to date with the newest CEF release > branch. You may want to update the underlying Chromium release > version and perform your own builds to take immediate advantage > of any bug fixes. > - Enforce good programming practices. Every organization should > have best practices for design, testing and verification. > - Audit your application for potential security issues. Every > decision that may have security consequences should be evaluated > by people who are knowledgeable about security considerations. Reference: [Question on browser security](http://magpcss.org/ceforum/viewtopic.php?f=10&t=10222) on the CEF Forum.