forked from git/git
-
Notifications
You must be signed in to change notification settings - Fork 1
Expand file tree
/
Copy pathgit-commit.html
More file actions
1013 lines (976 loc) · 27.1 KB
/
git-commit.html
File metadata and controls
1013 lines (976 loc) · 27.1 KB
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
200
201
202
203
204
205
206
207
208
209
210
211
212
213
214
215
216
217
218
219
220
221
222
223
224
225
226
227
228
229
230
231
232
233
234
235
236
237
238
239
240
241
242
243
244
245
246
247
248
249
250
251
252
253
254
255
256
257
258
259
260
261
262
263
264
265
266
267
268
269
270
271
272
273
274
275
276
277
278
279
280
281
282
283
284
285
286
287
288
289
290
291
292
293
294
295
296
297
298
299
300
301
302
303
304
305
306
307
308
309
310
311
312
313
314
315
316
317
318
319
320
321
322
323
324
325
326
327
328
329
330
331
332
333
334
335
336
337
338
339
340
341
342
343
344
345
346
347
348
349
350
351
352
353
354
355
356
357
358
359
360
361
362
363
364
365
366
367
368
369
370
371
372
373
374
375
376
377
378
379
380
381
382
383
384
385
386
387
388
389
390
391
392
393
394
395
396
397
398
399
400
401
402
403
404
405
406
407
408
409
410
411
412
413
414
415
416
417
418
419
420
421
422
423
424
425
426
427
428
429
430
431
432
433
434
435
436
437
438
439
440
441
442
443
444
445
446
447
448
449
450
451
452
453
454
455
456
457
458
459
460
461
462
463
464
465
466
467
468
469
470
471
472
473
474
475
476
477
478
479
480
481
482
483
484
485
486
487
488
489
490
491
492
493
494
495
496
497
498
499
500
501
502
503
504
505
506
507
508
509
510
511
512
513
514
515
516
517
518
519
520
521
522
523
524
525
526
527
528
529
530
531
532
533
534
535
536
537
538
539
540
541
542
543
544
545
546
547
548
549
550
551
552
553
554
555
556
557
558
559
560
561
562
563
564
565
566
567
568
569
570
571
572
573
574
575
576
577
578
579
580
581
582
583
584
585
586
587
588
589
590
591
592
593
594
595
596
597
598
599
600
601
602
603
604
605
606
607
608
609
610
611
612
613
614
615
616
617
618
619
620
621
622
623
624
625
626
627
628
629
630
631
632
633
634
635
636
637
638
639
640
641
642
643
644
645
646
647
648
649
650
651
652
653
654
655
656
657
658
659
660
661
662
663
664
665
666
667
668
669
670
671
672
673
674
675
676
677
678
679
680
681
682
683
684
685
686
687
688
689
690
691
692
693
694
695
696
697
698
699
700
701
702
703
704
705
706
707
708
709
710
711
712
713
714
715
716
717
718
719
720
721
722
723
724
725
726
727
728
729
730
731
732
733
734
735
736
737
738
739
740
741
742
743
744
745
746
747
748
749
750
751
752
753
754
755
756
757
758
759
760
761
762
763
764
765
766
767
768
769
770
771
772
773
774
775
776
777
778
779
780
781
782
783
784
785
786
787
788
789
790
791
792
793
794
795
796
797
798
799
800
801
802
803
804
805
806
807
808
809
810
811
812
813
814
815
816
817
818
819
820
821
822
823
824
825
826
827
828
829
830
831
832
833
834
835
836
837
838
839
840
841
842
843
844
845
846
847
848
849
850
851
852
853
854
855
856
857
858
859
860
861
862
863
864
865
866
867
868
869
870
871
872
873
874
875
876
877
878
879
880
881
882
883
884
885
886
887
888
889
890
891
892
893
894
895
896
897
898
899
900
901
902
903
904
905
906
907
908
909
910
911
912
913
914
915
916
917
918
919
920
921
922
923
924
925
926
927
928
929
930
931
932
933
934
935
936
937
938
939
940
941
942
943
944
945
946
947
948
949
950
951
952
953
954
955
956
957
958
959
960
961
962
963
964
965
966
967
968
969
970
971
972
973
974
975
976
977
978
979
980
981
982
983
984
985
986
987
988
989
990
991
992
993
994
995
996
997
998
999
1000
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.1//EN"
"http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml11/DTD/xhtml11.dtd">
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en">
<head>
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" />
<meta name="generator" content="AsciiDoc 8.2.5" />
<style type="text/css">
/* Debug borders */
p, li, dt, dd, div, pre, h1, h2, h3, h4, h5, h6 {
/*
border: 1px solid red;
*/
}
body {
margin: 1em 5% 1em 5%;
}
a {
color: blue;
text-decoration: underline;
}
a:visited {
color: fuchsia;
}
em {
font-style: italic;
}
strong {
font-weight: bold;
}
tt {
color: navy;
}
h1, h2, h3, h4, h5, h6 {
color: #527bbd;
font-family: sans-serif;
margin-top: 1.2em;
margin-bottom: 0.5em;
line-height: 1.3;
}
h1, h2, h3 {
border-bottom: 2px solid silver;
}
h2 {
padding-top: 0.5em;
}
h3 {
float: left;
}
h3 + * {
clear: left;
}
div.sectionbody {
font-family: serif;
margin-left: 0;
}
hr {
border: 1px solid silver;
}
p {
margin-top: 0.5em;
margin-bottom: 0.5em;
}
pre {
padding: 0;
margin: 0;
}
span#author {
color: #527bbd;
font-family: sans-serif;
font-weight: bold;
font-size: 1.1em;
}
span#email {
}
span#revision {
font-family: sans-serif;
}
div#footer {
font-family: sans-serif;
font-size: small;
border-top: 2px solid silver;
padding-top: 0.5em;
margin-top: 4.0em;
}
div#footer-text {
float: left;
padding-bottom: 0.5em;
}
div#footer-badges {
float: right;
padding-bottom: 0.5em;
}
div#preamble,
div.tableblock, div.imageblock, div.exampleblock, div.verseblock,
div.quoteblock, div.literalblock, div.listingblock, div.sidebarblock,
div.admonitionblock {
margin-right: 10%;
margin-top: 1.5em;
margin-bottom: 1.5em;
}
div.admonitionblock {
margin-top: 2.5em;
margin-bottom: 2.5em;
}
div.content { /* Block element content. */
padding: 0;
}
/* Block element titles. */
div.title, caption.title {
font-family: sans-serif;
font-weight: bold;
text-align: left;
margin-top: 1.0em;
margin-bottom: 0.5em;
}
div.title + * {
margin-top: 0;
}
td div.title:first-child {
margin-top: 0.0em;
}
div.content div.title:first-child {
margin-top: 0.0em;
}
div.content + div.title {
margin-top: 0.0em;
}
div.sidebarblock > div.content {
background: #ffffee;
border: 1px solid silver;
padding: 0.5em;
}
div.listingblock {
margin-right: 0%;
}
div.listingblock > div.content {
border: 1px solid silver;
background: #f4f4f4;
padding: 0.5em;
}
div.quoteblock > div.content {
padding-left: 2.0em;
}
div.attribution {
text-align: right;
}
div.verseblock + div.attribution {
text-align: left;
}
div.admonitionblock .icon {
vertical-align: top;
font-size: 1.1em;
font-weight: bold;
text-decoration: underline;
color: #527bbd;
padding-right: 0.5em;
}
div.admonitionblock td.content {
padding-left: 0.5em;
border-left: 2px solid silver;
}
div.exampleblock > div.content {
border-left: 2px solid silver;
padding: 0.5em;
}
div.verseblock div.content {
white-space: pre;
}
div.imageblock div.content { padding-left: 0; }
div.imageblock img { border: 1px solid silver; }
span.image img { border-style: none; }
dl {
margin-top: 0.8em;
margin-bottom: 0.8em;
}
dt {
margin-top: 0.5em;
margin-bottom: 0;
font-style: italic;
}
dd > *:first-child {
margin-top: 0;
}
ul, ol {
list-style-position: outside;
}
div.olist2 ol {
list-style-type: lower-alpha;
}
div.tableblock > table {
border: 3px solid #527bbd;
}
thead {
font-family: sans-serif;
font-weight: bold;
}
tfoot {
font-weight: bold;
}
div.hlist {
margin-top: 0.8em;
margin-bottom: 0.8em;
}
div.hlist td {
padding-bottom: 5px;
}
td.hlist1 {
vertical-align: top;
font-style: italic;
padding-right: 0.8em;
}
td.hlist2 {
vertical-align: top;
}
@media print {
div#footer-badges { display: none; }
}
div#toctitle {
color: #527bbd;
font-family: sans-serif;
font-size: 1.1em;
font-weight: bold;
margin-top: 1.0em;
margin-bottom: 0.1em;
}
div.toclevel1, div.toclevel2, div.toclevel3, div.toclevel4 {
margin-top: 0;
margin-bottom: 0;
}
div.toclevel2 {
margin-left: 2em;
font-size: 0.9em;
}
div.toclevel3 {
margin-left: 4em;
font-size: 0.9em;
}
div.toclevel4 {
margin-left: 6em;
font-size: 0.9em;
}
include1::./stylesheets/xhtml11-manpage.css[]
/* Workarounds for IE6's broken and incomplete CSS2. */
div.sidebar-content {
background: #ffffee;
border: 1px solid silver;
padding: 0.5em;
}
div.sidebar-title, div.image-title {
font-family: sans-serif;
font-weight: bold;
margin-top: 0.0em;
margin-bottom: 0.5em;
}
div.listingblock div.content {
border: 1px solid silver;
background: #f4f4f4;
padding: 0.5em;
}
div.quoteblock-content {
padding-left: 2.0em;
}
div.exampleblock-content {
border-left: 2px solid silver;
padding-left: 0.5em;
}
/* IE6 sets dynamically generated links as visited. */
div#toc a:visited { color: blue; }
</style>
<title>git-commit(1)</title>
</head>
<body>
<div id="header">
<h1>
git-commit(1) Manual Page
</h1>
<h2>NAME</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<p>git-commit -
Record changes to the repository
</p>
</div>
</div>
<h2>SYNOPSIS</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="verseblock">
<div class="content"><em>git commit</em> [-a | --interactive] [-s] [-v] [-u<mode>] [--amend] [--dry-run]
[(-c | -C) <commit>] [-F <file> | -m <msg>] [--reset-author]
[--allow-empty] [--allow-empty-message] [--no-verify] [-e] [--author=<author>]
[--date=<date>] [--cleanup=<mode>] [--status | --no-status] [--]
[[-i | -o ]<file>…]</div></div>
</div>
<h2 id="_description">DESCRIPTION</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="para"><p>Stores the current contents of the index in a new commit along
with a log message from the user describing the changes.</p></div>
<div class="para"><p>The content to be added can be specified in several ways:</p></div>
<div class="olist"><ol>
<li>
<p>
by using <em>git add</em> to incrementally "add" changes to the
index before using the <em>commit</em> command (Note: even modified
files must be "added");
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
by using <em>git rm</em> to remove files from the working tree
and the index, again before using the <em>commit</em> command;
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
by listing files as arguments to the <em>commit</em> command, in which
case the commit will ignore changes staged in the index, and instead
record the current content of the listed files (which must already
be known to git);
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
by using the -a switch with the <em>commit</em> command to automatically
"add" changes from all known files (i.e. all files that are already
listed in the index) and to automatically "rm" files in the index
that have been removed from the working tree, and then perform the
actual commit;
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
by using the --interactive switch with the <em>commit</em> command to decide one
by one which files should be part of the commit, before finalizing the
operation. Currently, this is done by invoking <em>git add --interactive</em>.
</p>
</li>
</ol></div>
<div class="para"><p>The <tt>--dry-run</tt> option can be used to obtain a
summary of what is included by any of the above for the next
commit by giving the same set of parameters (options and paths).</p></div>
<div class="para"><p>If you make a commit and then find a mistake immediately after
that, you can recover from it with <em>git reset</em>.</p></div>
</div>
<h2 id="_options">OPTIONS</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="vlist"><dl>
<dt>
-a
</dt>
<dt>
--all
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
Tell the command to automatically stage files that have
been modified and deleted, but new files you have not
told git about are not affected.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>
-C <commit>
</dt>
<dt>
--reuse-message=<commit>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
Take an existing commit object, and reuse the log message
and the authorship information (including the timestamp)
when creating the commit.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>
-c <commit>
</dt>
<dt>
--reedit-message=<commit>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
Like <em>-C</em>, but with <em>-c</em> the editor is invoked, so that
the user can further edit the commit message.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>
--reset-author
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
When used with -C/-c/--amend options, declare that the
authorship of the resulting commit now belongs of the committer.
This also renews the author timestamp.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>
--short
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
When doing a dry-run, give the output in the short-format. See
<a href="git-status.html">git-status(1)</a> for details. Implies <tt>--dry-run</tt>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>
--porcelain
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
When doing a dry-run, give the output in a porcelain-ready
format. See <a href="git-status.html">git-status(1)</a> for details. Implies
<tt>--dry-run</tt>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>
-z
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
When showing <tt>short</tt> or <tt>porcelain</tt> status output, terminate
entries in the status output with NUL, instead of LF. If no
format is given, implies the <tt>--porcelain</tt> output format.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>
-F <file>
</dt>
<dt>
--file=<file>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
Take the commit message from the given file. Use <em>-</em> to
read the message from the standard input.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>
--author=<author>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
Override the commit author. Specify an explicit author using the
is assumed to be a pattern and is used to search for an existing
commit by that author (i.e. rev-list --all -i --author=<author>);
the commit author is then copied from the first such commit found.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>
--date=<date>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
Override the author date used in the commit.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>
-m <msg>
</dt>
<dt>
--message=<msg>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
Use the given <msg> as the commit message.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>
-t <file>
</dt>
<dt>
--template=<file>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
Use the contents of the given file as the initial version
of the commit message. The editor is invoked and you can
make subsequent changes. If a message is specified using
the <tt>-m</tt> or <tt>-F</tt> options, this option has no effect. This
overrides the <tt>commit.template</tt> configuration variable.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>
-s
</dt>
<dt>
--signoff
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
Add Signed-off-by line by the committer at the end of the commit
log message.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>
-n
</dt>
<dt>
--no-verify
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
This option bypasses the pre-commit and commit-msg hooks.
See also <a href="githooks.html">githooks(5)</a>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>
--allow-empty
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
Usually recording a commit that has the exact same tree as its
sole parent commit is a mistake, and the command prevents you
from making such a commit. This option bypasses the safety, and
is primarily for use by foreign SCM interface scripts.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>
--allow-empty-message
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
Like --allow-empty this command is primarily for use by foreign
SCM interface scripts. It allows you to create a commit with an
empty commit message without using plumbing commands like
<a href="git-commit-tree.html">git-commit-tree(1)</a>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>
--cleanup=<mode>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
This option sets how the commit message is cleaned up.
The <em><mode></em> can be one of <em>verbatim</em>, <em>whitespace</em>, <em>strip</em>,
and <em>default</em>. The <em>default</em> mode will strip leading and
trailing empty lines and #commentary from the commit message
only if the message is to be edited. Otherwise only whitespace
removed. The <em>verbatim</em> mode does not change message at all,
<em>whitespace</em> removes just leading/trailing whitespace lines
and <em>strip</em> removes both whitespace and commentary.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>
-e
</dt>
<dt>
--edit
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
The message taken from file with <tt>-F</tt>, command line with
<tt>-m</tt>, and from file with <tt>-C</tt> are usually used as the
commit log message unmodified. This option lets you
further edit the message taken from these sources.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>
--amend
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
Used to amend the tip of the current branch. Prepare the tree
object you would want to replace the latest commit as usual
(this includes the usual -i/-o and explicit paths), and the
commit log editor is seeded with the commit message from the
tip of the current branch. The commit you create replaces the
current tip — if it was a merge, it will have the parents of
the current tip as parents — so the current top commit is
discarded.
</p>
<div class="para"><p>It is a rough equivalent for:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre><tt> $ git reset --soft HEAD^
$ ... do something else to come up with the right tree ...
$ git commit -c ORIG_HEAD
</tt></pre>
</div></div>
<div class="para"><p>but can be used to amend a merge commit.</p></div>
<div class="para"><p>You should understand the implications of rewriting history if you
amend a commit that has already been published. (See the "RECOVERING
FROM UPSTREAM REBASE" section in <a href="git-rebase.html">git-rebase(1)</a>.)</p></div>
</dd>
<dt>
-i
</dt>
<dt>
--include
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
Before making a commit out of staged contents so far,
stage the contents of paths given on the command line
as well. This is usually not what you want unless you
are concluding a conflicted merge.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>
-o
</dt>
<dt>
--only
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
Make a commit only from the paths specified on the
command line, disregarding any contents that have been
staged so far. This is the default mode of operation of
<em>git commit</em> if any paths are given on the command line,
in which case this option can be omitted.
If this option is specified together with <em>--amend</em>, then
no paths need to be specified, which can be used to amend
the last commit without committing changes that have
already been staged.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>
-u[<mode>]
</dt>
<dt>
--untracked-files[=<mode>]
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
Show untracked files (Default: <em>all</em>).
</p>
<div class="para"><p>The mode parameter is optional, and is used to specify
the handling of untracked files.</p></div>
<div class="para"><p>The possible options are:</p></div>
<div class="ilist"><ul>
<li>
<p>
<em>no</em> - Show no untracked files
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
<em>normal</em> - Shows untracked files and directories
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
<em>all</em> - Also shows individual files in untracked directories.
</p>
<div class="para"><p>See <a href="git-config.html">git-config(1)</a> for configuration variable
used to change the default for when the option is not
specified.</p></div>
</li>
</ul></div>
</dd>
<dt>
-v
</dt>
<dt>
--verbose
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
Show unified diff between the HEAD commit and what
would be committed at the bottom of the commit message
template. Note that this diff output doesn't have its
lines prefixed with <em>#</em>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>
-q
</dt>
<dt>
--quiet
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
Suppress commit summary message.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>
--dry-run
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
Do not create a commit, but show a list of paths that are
to be committed, paths with local changes that will be left
uncommitted and paths that are untracked.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>
--status
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
Include the output of <a href="git-status.html">git-status(1)</a> in the commit
message template when using an editor to prepare the commit
message. Defaults to on, but can be used to override
configuration variable commit.status.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>
--no-status
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
Do not include the output of <a href="git-status.html">git-status(1)</a> in the
commit message template when using an editor to prepare the
default commit message.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>
--
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
Do not interpret any more arguments as options.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>
<file>…
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
When files are given on the command line, the command
commits the contents of the named files, without
recording the changes already staged. The contents of
these files are also staged for the next commit on top
of what have been staged before.
</p>
</dd>
</dl></div>
</div>
<h2 id="_date_formats">DATE FORMATS</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="para"><p>The GIT_AUTHOR_DATE, GIT_COMMITTER_DATE environment variables
and the <tt>--date</tt> option
support the following date formats:</p></div>
<div class="vlist"><dl>
<dt>
Git internal format
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
It is <tt><unix timestamp> <timezone offset></tt>, where <tt><unix
timestamp></tt> is the number of seconds since the UNIX epoch.
<tt><timezone offset></tt> is a positive or negative offset from UTC.
For example CET (which is 2 hours ahead UTC) is <tt>+0200</tt>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>
RFC 2822
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
The standard email format as described by RFC 2822, for example
<tt>Thu, 07 Apr 2005 22:13:13 +0200</tt>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>
ISO 8601
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
Time and date specified by the ISO 8601 standard, for example
<tt>2005-04-07T22:13:13</tt>. The parser accepts a space instead of the
<tt>T</tt> character as well.
</p>
<div class="admonitionblock">
<table><tr>
<td class="icon">
<div class="title">Note</div>
</td>
<td class="content">In addition, the date part is accepted in the following formats:
<tt>YYYY.MM.DD</tt>, <tt>MM/DD/YYYY</tt> and <tt>DD.MM.YYYY</tt>.</td>
</tr></table>
</div>
</dd>
</dl></div>
</div>
<h2 id="_examples">EXAMPLES</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="para"><p>When recording your own work, the contents of modified files in
your working tree are temporarily stored to a staging area
called the "index" with <em>git add</em>. A file can be
reverted back, only in the index but not in the working tree,
to that of the last commit with <tt>git reset HEAD — <file></tt>,
which effectively reverts <em>git add</em> and prevents the changes to
this file from participating in the next commit. After building
the state to be committed incrementally with these commands,
<tt>git commit</tt> (without any pathname parameter) is used to record what
has been staged so far. This is the most basic form of the
command. An example:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre><tt>$ edit hello.c
$ git rm goodbye.c
$ git add hello.c
$ git commit</tt></pre>
</div></div>
<div class="para"><p>Instead of staging files after each individual change, you can
tell <tt>git commit</tt> to notice the changes to the files whose
contents are tracked in
your working tree and do corresponding <tt>git add</tt> and <tt>git rm</tt>
for you. That is, this example does the same as the earlier
example if there is no other change in your working tree:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre><tt>$ edit hello.c
$ rm goodbye.c
$ git commit -a</tt></pre>
</div></div>
<div class="para"><p>The command <tt>git commit -a</tt> first looks at your working tree,
notices that you have modified hello.c and removed goodbye.c,
and performs necessary <tt>git add</tt> and <tt>git rm</tt> for you.</p></div>
<div class="para"><p>After staging changes to many files, you can alter the order the
changes are recorded in, by giving pathnames to <tt>git commit</tt>.
When pathnames are given, the command makes a commit that
only records the changes made to the named paths:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre><tt>$ edit hello.c hello.h
$ git add hello.c hello.h
$ edit Makefile
$ git commit Makefile</tt></pre>
</div></div>
<div class="para"><p>This makes a commit that records the modification to <tt>Makefile</tt>.
The changes staged for <tt>hello.c</tt> and <tt>hello.h</tt> are not included
in the resulting commit. However, their changes are not lost —
they are still staged and merely held back. After the above
sequence, if you do:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre><tt>$ git commit</tt></pre>
</div></div>
<div class="para"><p>this second commit would record the changes to <tt>hello.c</tt> and
<tt>hello.h</tt> as expected.</p></div>
<div class="para"><p>After a merge (initiated by <em>git merge</em> or <em>git pull</em>) stops
because of conflicts, cleanly merged
paths are already staged to be committed for you, and paths that
conflicted are left in unmerged state. You would have to first
check which paths are conflicting with <em>git status</em>
and after fixing them manually in your working tree, you would
stage the result as usual with <em>git add</em>:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre><tt>$ git status | grep unmerged
unmerged: hello.c
$ edit hello.c
$ git add hello.c</tt></pre>
</div></div>
<div class="para"><p>After resolving conflicts and staging the result, <tt>git ls-files -u</tt>
would stop mentioning the conflicted path. When you are done,
run <tt>git commit</tt> to finally record the merge:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre><tt>$ git commit</tt></pre>
</div></div>
<div class="para"><p>As with the case to record your own changes, you can use <tt>-a</tt>
option to save typing. One difference is that during a merge
resolution, you cannot use <tt>git commit</tt> with pathnames to
alter the order the changes are committed, because the merge
should be recorded as a single commit. In fact, the command
refuses to run when given pathnames (but see <tt>-i</tt> option).</p></div>
</div>
<h2 id="_discussion">DISCUSSION</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="para"><p>Though not required, it's a good idea to begin the commit message
with a single short (less than 50 character) line summarizing the
change, followed by a blank line and then a more thorough description.
Tools that turn commits into email, for example, use the first line
on the Subject: line and the rest of the commit in the body.</p></div>
<div class="para"><p>At the core level, git is character encoding agnostic.</p></div>
<div class="ilist"><ul>
<li>
<p>
The pathnames recorded in the index and in the tree objects
are treated as uninterpreted sequences of non-NUL bytes.
What readdir(2) returns are what are recorded and compared
with the data git keeps track of, which in turn are expected
to be what lstat(2) and creat(2) accepts. There is no such
thing as pathname encoding translation.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
The contents of the blob objects are uninterpreted sequences
of bytes. There is no encoding translation at the core
level.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
The commit log messages are uninterpreted sequences of non-NUL
bytes.
</p>
</li>
</ul></div>
<div class="para"><p>Although we encourage that the commit log messages are encoded
in UTF-8, both the core and git Porcelain are designed not to
force UTF-8 on projects. If all participants of a particular
project find it more convenient to use legacy encodings, git
does not forbid it. However, there are a few things to keep in
mind.</p></div>
<div class="olist"><ol>
<li>
<p>
<em>git commit</em> and <em>git commit-tree</em> issues
a warning if the commit log message given to it does not look
like a valid UTF-8 string, unless you explicitly say your
project uses a legacy encoding. The way to say this is to
have i18n.commitencoding in <tt>.git/config</tt> file, like this:
</p>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre><tt>[i18n]
commitencoding = ISO-8859-1</tt></pre>
</div></div>
<div class="para"><p>Commit objects created with the above setting record the value
of <tt>i18n.commitencoding</tt> in its <tt>encoding</tt> header. This is to
help other people who look at them later. Lack of this header
implies that the commit log message is encoded in UTF-8.</p></div>
</li>
<li>
<p>
<em>git log</em>, <em>git show</em>, <em>git blame</em> and friends look at the
<tt>encoding</tt> header of a commit object, and try to re-code the
log message into UTF-8 unless otherwise specified. You can
specify the desired output encoding with
<tt>i18n.logoutputencoding</tt> in <tt>.git/config</tt> file, like this:
</p>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre><tt>[i18n]
logoutputencoding = ISO-8859-1</tt></pre>
</div></div>
<div class="para"><p>If you do not have this configuration variable, the value of
<tt>i18n.commitencoding</tt> is used instead.</p></div>
</li>
</ol></div>
<div class="para"><p>Note that we deliberately chose not to re-code the commit log
message when a commit is made to force UTF-8 at the commit
object level, because re-coding to UTF-8 is not necessarily a
reversible operation.</p></div>
</div>
<h2 id="_environment_and_configuration_variables">ENVIRONMENT AND CONFIGURATION VARIABLES</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="para"><p>The editor used to edit the commit log message will be chosen from the
GIT_EDITOR environment variable, the core.editor configuration variable, the
VISUAL environment variable, or the EDITOR environment variable (in that
order). See <a href="git-var.html">git-var(1)</a> for details.</p></div>
</div>
<h2 id="_hooks">HOOKS</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="para"><p>This command can run <tt>commit-msg</tt>, <tt>prepare-commit-msg</tt>, <tt>pre-commit</tt>,
and <tt>post-commit</tt> hooks. See <a href="githooks.html">githooks(5)</a> for more
information.</p></div>
</div>
<h2 id="_see_also">SEE ALSO</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="para"><p><a href="git-add.html">git-add(1)</a>,
<a href="git-rm.html">git-rm(1)</a>,
<a href="git-mv.html">git-mv(1)</a>,
<a href="git-merge.html">git-merge(1)</a>,
<a href="git-commit-tree.html">git-commit-tree(1)</a></p></div>
</div>
<h2 id="_author">Author</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">