Mohammed Esmail Kiram
| Mohammed Esmail Kiram | |
|---|---|
| Sultan of Sulu (titular) | |
| Reign | 20 November 1950 – December 1973 |
| Predecessor |
|
| Successor | Mohammed Mahakuttah Abdullah Kiram |
| Died | December 1973 |
| Issue |
|
| House | Kiram |
| Father | Muwallil Wasit II |
| Mother | Mora Napsa |
| Religion | Sunni Islam |
Mohammed Esmail Enang Kiram[2] was Sultan of Sulu from 1950 until his death in 1973. He was the first sultan recognized by the Philippine government since 1936.[3]
Personal life
[edit]He was the eldest son of Raja Muda Muwallil Wasit II and Mora Napsa.[4] He initially claimed the title of sultan after his father's death in 1936, but was persuaded by Dayang Dayang Piandao, heiress to the late Jamalul Kiram II, to initially give up his claim and become her husband Ombra Amilbangsa's Raja Muda (Crown Prince) instead.[5] On 20 November 1950, after the death of Jainal Abidin (born Datu Tambuyong), another claimant to the throne, he was acclaimed as sultan of Sulu.[6]
History
[edit]On 12 September 1962, amid the negotiations for the incorporation of Sabah into what would become Malaysia, he authorized the formal transfer of that territory, formerly known as North Borneo (controlled by Sulu until a controversial 1878 cession), to the Philippine government under the administration of President Diosdado Macapagal.[7][8] This was mostly done as a means to legitimize the Philippines' claims to Sabah, a former territory of the Sultanate of Sulu, in what would be known as the North Borneo dispute.[9]
Esmail never controlled territory, as the remaining sovereignty of the Sulu monarchy had been surrendered to the United States in 1915, which limited him to a ceremonial role. Nevertheless, in his dealings with the Philippine government he in practice enjoyed official recognition as a non-sovereign monarch.[9]
Mohammed Esmail died in December 1973 and was succeeded by his eldest son and Raja Muda (Crown Prince) Mohammed Mahakuttah Abdullah Kiram the next year. The accession of the new sultan was recognized and supported by President Ferdinand Marcos.[10][4]
References
[edit]- ^ "Line of succession of the Sultans of Sulu of the Modern Era". Official Gazette of the Government of the Philippines. Government of the Philippines. 26 February 2013. Archived from the original on 24 May 2022. Retrieved 10 June 2023.
- ^ Today, Philippine Muslim (2020-08-06). "Sultan of Sulu to revive Sabah Claim; asserts sovereignty, proprietary rights". PHILIPPINE MUSLIM TODAY. Retrieved 2024-04-30.
- ^ Omar, Ibrahim S. (July 10, 2018). Diary of a Colonized Native:(Years of Hidden Colonial Slavery). Singapore: Partridge Publishing. ISBN 9781543743272.
- ^ a b "Line of Succession of the Sultans of Sulu of the Modern Era". Official Gazette. Government of the Philippines. Retrieved August 7, 2019.
- ^ Manuel L. Quezon III (2013-03-01). "North Borneo (Sabah): An annotated timeline 1640s-present". The Explainer. Retrieved 2025-06-15.
- ^ "New Sultan of Sulu Named". The New York Times. 1950-11-20. Retrieved 2025-06-15.
- ^ "Cession and transfer of the territory of North Borneo by His Highness, Sultan Mohammad Esmail Kiram, Sultan of Sulu, acting with the consent and aprroval of the Ruma Bechara, in council assembled, to the Republic of the Philippines | GOVPH". Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines. Retrieved 2019-08-10.
- ^ "Acceptance by the Republic of the Philippines of the cession and transfer of the terriroty of North Borneo by His Highness, Sultan Mohammad Esmail Kiram, Sultan of Sulu, acting with the consent and approval of the Ruma Bechara, in council assembled, to the Republic of the Philippines | GOVPH". Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines. Retrieved 2019-08-10.
- ^ a b Kadir, Norizan; Mansor, Suffian (October 2017). "Reviving the Sultanate of Sulu Through its Claim over Sabah, 1962-1986" (PDF). Akademika. 87 (3): 129. Retrieved August 3, 2019.
- ^ Gowing, Peter G. (1979). Muslim Filipinos: Heritage and Horizon. New Day Publishers. p. 56. ISBN 978-971-10-0240-4.
External links
[edit]- Line of Succession of the Sultans of Sulu of the Modern Era, published by the Official Gazette of the Government of the Philippines
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Cerimonial government recognition (1962–1986)
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Disputed claimants after 1936
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