References
Belardinelli L, Isenberg G (1983) Isolated atrial myocytes: adenosine and acetylcholine increase potassium conductance. Am J Physiol 244:H734-H737
Biermans G, Vereecke J, Carmeliet E (1987) The mechanism of the inactivation of the inward-rectifying K current during hyperpolarizing steps in guinea-pig ventricular myocytes. Pflügers Arch 410:604–613
Biermans G (1987) Ionentransport doorheen het inwaarts gelijkrichtend K-kanaal in hartcelmembranen. Thesis. Leuven
Callewaert G, Vereecke J, Carmeliet E (1986) Existence of a calcium-dependent potassium channel in the membrane of cow cardiac Purkinje cells. Pflügers Arch 406:424–426
Carmeliet E (1982) Induction and removal of inward-going rectification in sheep cardiac Purkinje fibres. J Physiol 327:285–308
Carmeliet E, Storms L, Vereecke J. The ATP-dependent K channel and metabolic inhibition (in preparation).
Clapham DE, Logothetis DE (1988) Delayed rectifier K+ current in embryonic chick heart ventricle. Am J Physiol 254:H192-H197
Clark RB, Giles WR, Imaizumi Y (1988) Properties of the transient outward current in rabbit atrial cells. J Physiol 405:147–168
Coraboeuf E, Carmeliet E (1982) Existence of two transient outward currents in sheep cardiac Purkinje fibres. Pflügers Arch 392:352–359
DiFrancesco D, Noma A, Trautwein W (1979) Kinetics and magnitude of the time-dependent potassium current in the rabbit sinoatrial node. Effect of external potassium. Pflügers Arch 381:271–279
Dudel J, Peper K, Rüdel R, Trautwein W (1967) The dynamic chloride component of membrane current in Purkinje fibers. Pflügers Arch 295:197–212
Escande D, Coulombe A, Faivre JF, Deroubaix E, Coraboeuf E (1987) Two types of transient outward current in adult human atrial cells. Am J Physiol 252:H142-H148
Findlay I (1987) ATP-sensitive K+ channels in rat ventricular myocytes are blocked and inactivated by internal divalent cations. Pflügers Arch 410:313–320
Friel DD, Bean BP (1988) Two ATP-activated conductances in bulllfrog atrial cells. J Gen Physiol 91:1–27
Giles WR, Van Ginneken ACG (1985) A transient outward current in isolated cells from the crista terminalis of rabbit heart. J Physiol 368:243–264
Hartzell HC (1979) Adenosine receptors in frog sinus venosus: slow inhibitory potentials produced by adenine compounds and acetylcholine. J Physiol 293:23–49
Harvey RD, Ten Eick TE (1988) Characterization of the inward-rectifying potassium current in cat ventricular myocytes. J Gen Physiol 91:593–615
Hodgkin AL, Huxley AF (1952) A quantitative description of membrane current and its application to conduction and excitation in nerve. J Physiol 117:500–544
Horie M, Irisawa H (1987) Rectification of muscarinic K+ current by magnesium ions in guinea-pig atrial cells. Am J Physiol 253:H210-H214
Horie M, Irisawa H, Noma A (1987) Voltage-dependent magnesium block of adenosine-triphosphate-sensitive potassium channel in guinea-pig ventricular cells. J Physiol 387:251–272
Hurne JR, Giles WR, Robinson K, Shibata E, Nathan RD, Kanai K, Rasmusson R (1986) Time-and voltage-dependent K+ current in single cardiac cells isolated from bull-frog atrium. J Gen Physiol 88:777–798
Johnson EA, Tille J (1964) The repolarization phase of the cardiac ventricular action potential: a time-dependent dytem of membrane conductances. Biophys J 4:387–399
Kameyama M, Kakei M, Sato R, Shibasaki T, Matsuda H, Irisawa H (1984) Intracellular Na+ activates a K+ channel in mammalian cardiac cells. Nature 309:354–356
Kell MJ, De Felice LJ (1988) Surface charge near the cardiac inward-rectifier channel measured from single-channel conductance. J Membr Biol 102:1–10
Kenyon JL, Gibbons WR (1979) Influence of chloride, potassium and tetraethylammonium on the early outward current of sheep cardiac Purkinje fibers. J Gen Physiol 73:117–138
Kurachi Y (1985) Voltage-dependent activation of the inward-rectifier potassium channel in the ventricular membrane of guinea-pig heart. J Physiol 366:365–385
Matsuda H (1988) Open-state substructure of inwardly rectifying potassium channels revealed by magnesium block in guinea-pig heart cells. J Physiol 397:237–258
McDonald TF, Trautwein W (1978) The potassium current underlying delayed rectification in cat ventricular muscle. J Physiol 274:217–246
Moczydlowski E, Latorre R (1983) Gating kinetics of Ca2+-activated K+ channels from rat muscle incorporated into planar lipid bilayers. J Gen Physiol 82:511–542
Noma A (1983) ATP-regulated K+ channels in cardiac muscle. Nature 305:147–148
Noma A, Trautwein W (1978) Relaxation of the ACh-induced potassium current in the rabbit sinoatrial node cell. Pflügers Arch 377:193–200
Noble D, Tsien RW (1969) Outward membrane currents activated in the plateau range of potentials in cardiac Purkinje fibres. J Physiol 200:205–231
Scamps F, Carmeliet E (1989) The effect of extermal K+ on the delayed K+ current in single rabbit Purkinje cells. Pflügers Arch (this issue)
Siegelbaum SA, Tsien RW, Kass RS (1977) Role of intracellular calcium in the transient outward current of calf Purkinje fibres. Nature 269:611–613
Shibasaki T (1987) Conductance and kinetics of delayed rectifier channels in nodal cells of the rabbit heart. J Physiol 387:227–250
Simmons MA, Hartzell HC (1987) A quantitative analysis of the acetylcholine-activated potassium current in single cells from frog atrium. Pflügers Arch 409:454–461
Tohse N, Kameyama M, Irisawa H (1987) Intracellular Ca2+ and protein kinase C modulate K+ current in guinea pig heart cells. Am J Physiol 253:H1321-H1324
Vandenberg CA (1987) Inward rectification of a potassium channel in cardiac ventricular cells depends on internal magnesium ions. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 84:2560–2564
Walsh KB, Begenisich TB, Kass RS (1988) β-Adrenergic modulation in the hear. Independent regulation of K and Ca channels. Pflügers Arch 413:232–234
Yue DT, Marban E (1988) A novel cardiac potassium channel that is active and conductive at depolarized potentials. Pflügers Arch 413:127–133
Zilberter YU, Burnashev N, Papin A, Portnov V, Khodorov B (1988) Gating kinetics of ATP-sensitive single potassium channels in myocardial cells depends on electromotive force. Pflügers Arch 411:584–589
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Carmeliet, E. K+ channels in cardiac cells: mechanisms of activation, inactivation, rectification and K+ e sensitivity. Pflugers Arch. 414 (Suppl 1), S88–S92 (1989). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00582254
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00582254