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. 2018 Nov 9;10(11):1721.
doi: 10.3390/nu10111721.

The Effect of Dietary Mushroom Agaricus bisporus on Intestinal Microbiota Composition and Host Immunological Function

Gloria I Solano-Aguilar  1 , Saebyeol Jang  2 , Sukla Lakshman  3 , Richi Gupta  4 , Ethiopia Beshah  5 , Masoumeh Sikaroodi  6 , Bryan Vinyard  7 , Aleksey Molokin  8 , Patrick M Gillevet  9 , Joseph F Urban Jr  10
Affiliations

The Effect of Dietary Mushroom Agaricus bisporus on Intestinal Microbiota Composition and Host Immunological Function

Gloria I Solano-Aguilar et al. Nutrients. .

Abstract

A study was designed to determine the potential prebiotic effect of dietary mushrooms on the host immune response, and intestinal microbiota composition and function. Thirty-one six-week-old pigs were fed a pig grower diet alone or supplemented with either three or six servings of freeze-dried white button (WB)-mushrooms for six weeks. Host immune response was evaluated in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC), and alveolar macrophages (AM) after stimulation with Salmonella typhymurium-Lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Isolated DNA from fecal and proximal colon contents were used for 16S rDNA taxonomic analysis and linear discriminant analysis effect size (LEfSe) to determine bacterial abundance and metabolic function. Pigs gained weight with no difference in body composition or intestinal permeability. Feeding mushrooms reduced LPS-induced IL-1β gene expression in AM (P < 0.05) with no change in LPS-stimulated PBMC or the intestinal mucosa transcriptome. LEfSe indicated increases in Lachnospiraceae, Ruminococcaceae within the order Clostridiales with a shift in bacterial carbohydrate metabolism and biosynthesis of secondary metabolites in the mushroom-fed pigs. These results suggested that feeding WB mushrooms significantly reduced the LPS-induced inflammatory response in AM and positively modulated the host microbiota metabolism by increasing the abundance of Clostridiales taxa that are associated with improved intestinal health.

Keywords: 16S rDNA; immune response; macrophage; microbiome; mushroom.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Canonical pathways constructed from differentially expressed genes induced in alveolar macrophages after Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation. Heatmap displays the top significant canonical pathways affected by dietary interventions. The orange and blue colored squares indicated predicted pathway activation or predicted inhibition, respectively, using a z-score threshold of 3.0. The significance indicates the probability of association of molecules from the dataset with the canonical pathway by random chance. Represents pathways with z-score less than 3.0.
Figure 2
Figure 2
LPS-induced Interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β) and Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) in cultured alveolar macrophages (AM). (A,B) Bar plots representing IL-1β and TNFα protein produced by AM derived from pigs fed three servings, six servings or non-supplemented control diets and cultured with 5% porcine serum-complete media with Salmonella typhimurium LPS (10 ng/mL) (three bars on the left) or complete media without LPS (three bars on the right). (C,D) Gene expression for IL-1β and TNFα mRNA in AM measured by Real time-Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR). Bars represent a fold change of mean difference among dietary groups. Means with different superscripts are significantly different (p < 0.05).
Figure 3
Figure 3
Linear discriminant analysis effect size (LEfSe) cladogram representing differentially abundant taxa in pig fecal and colonic microbiota. Enriched bacterial taxa in fecal microbiota of pigs fed three servings of white button (WB) mushrooms vs. control (A), six servings of WB mushrooms vs. control (B), three servings vs. six servings (C) and colonic microbiota from pigs fed three and six servings of WB mushrooms (D). Only taxa with linear discriminant analysis scores > 2 are presented. Each color in the pie chart represents the corresponding bacterial taxa in the legend. The LEfSe method was performed to determine individual taxa that were enriched (green) or depleted (red) within each dietary treatment comparison.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Phylogenetic Investigation of Communities by Reconstruction of Unobserved States. (PICRUSt) analysis of predicted functional pathways in the pig fecal and colonic microbiota. Imputed metabolic function results in the gut fecal microbiota of pigs fed three servings of WB mushrooms vs. control (A), six servings of WB mushrooms vs. control (B), three servings vs. six servings (C) and colonic microbiota from pigs fed three and six servings of WB mushrooms (D). Only taxa with linear discriminant analysis scores > 2 are presented. Each color in the pie chart represents the corresponding bacterial taxa in the legend.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Phylogenetic Investigation of Communities by Reconstruction of Unobserved States. (PICRUSt) analysis of predicted functional pathways in the pig fecal and colonic microbiota. Imputed metabolic function results in the gut fecal microbiota of pigs fed three servings of WB mushrooms vs. control (A), six servings of WB mushrooms vs. control (B), three servings vs. six servings (C) and colonic microbiota from pigs fed three and six servings of WB mushrooms (D). Only taxa with linear discriminant analysis scores > 2 are presented. Each color in the pie chart represents the corresponding bacterial taxa in the legend.
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