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Immune Responses to Mycobacterium tuberculosis and the Impact of HIV Infection

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HIV and Tuberculosis

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Abstract

Mycobacterium tuberculosis control relies on a well-orchestrated immune response, where a complex array of innate and adaptive immune cells responses act synergistically to restrict Mycobacterium tuberculosis growth. While different immune cell subsets have been associated with protection in experimental models of TB, it is still unclear exactly what type of immune responses are required to confer protection in humans.

People living with HIV are around 20 times more likely to develop active TB. The clearest immune defect caused by HIV is a progressive reduction in absolute CD4 T cell numbers that correlates with increasing risk of active TB. However, shortly after HIV acquisition or when CD4 T cell numbers improve upon HIV treatment, the risk of active TB remains heightened. This indicates that, independently of the overall CD4 T cell depletion, HIV infection also induces qualitative changes weakening protective TB immune responses.

This chapter section covers the human immune response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis and describes the impact of HIV infection.

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Acknowledgement

This figure was developed by Avuyonke Balfour.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa

    Catherine Riou, Cari Stek & Elsa Du Bruyn

  2. Division of Medical Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa

    Catherine Riou

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  1. Catherine Riou
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  2. Cari Stek
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  3. Elsa Du Bruyn
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Correspondence to Catherine Riou .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. National Institute of Health, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD, USA

    Irini Sereti

  2. Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA

    Gregory P. Bisson

  3. Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Division of Infectious Diseases and HIV Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa

    Graeme Meintjes

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Riou, C., Stek, C., Du Bruyn, E. (2019). Immune Responses to Mycobacterium tuberculosis and the Impact of HIV Infection. In: Sereti, I., Bisson, G.P., Meintjes, G. (eds) HIV and Tuberculosis. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-29108-2_4

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