Adams, C. D., & Dickinson, A. (1981). Instrumental responding following reinforcer devaluation. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section B: Comparative and Physiological Psychology, 33(2), 109–121. https://doi.org/10.1080/14640748108400816
Article
Google Scholar
Balleine, B. W., & Dickinson, A. (1998). Goal-directed instrumental action: Contingency and incentive learning and their cortical substrates. Neuropharmacology, 37(4–5), 407–419.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Baum, W. (1973). The correlation-based law of effect. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 20, 137–153.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Baum, W. (2012). Rethinking reinforcement: Allocation, induction, and contingency. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 97(1), 101–124. https://doi.org/10.1901/jeab.2012.97-101
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Bush, R. R., & Mosteller, F. (1951). A mathematical model for simple learning. Psychological Review, 58(5), 313–323. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0054388
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Crimmins, B., Burton, T. J., McNulty, M., Laurent, V., Hart, G., & Balleine, B. W. (2022). Response-independent outcome presentations weaken the instrumental response-outcome association. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Learning and Cognition, 48(4), 396.
PubMed
Google Scholar
de Villiers, P. A. (1974). The Law of Effect and avoidance: A Quantitative Relationship Between Response Rate and Shock-Frequency Reduction. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 21(2), 223–235. https://doi.org/10.1901/jeab.1974.21-223
de Wit, S., Kindt, M., Knot, S. L., Verhoeven, A. A. C. C., Robbins, T. W., Gasull-Camos, J., Evans, M., Mirza, H., & Gillan, C. M. M. (2018). Shifting the balance between goals and habits: Five failures in experimental habit induction. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 147(7), 1043. https://doi.org/10.1037/xge0000402
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Dickinson, A. (1985). Actions and habits: The development of behavioural autonomy. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 308(1135), 67–78.
Google Scholar
Dickinson, A., & Pearce, J. M. (1977). Inhibitory interactions between appetitive and aversive stimuli. Psychological Bulletin, 84(4), 690–711. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.84.4.690
Dickinson, A., Nicholas, D. J. J., & Adams, C. D. (1983). The effect of the instrumental training contingency on susceptibility to reinforcer devaluation. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 35(789759670), 35–51. https://doi.org/10.1080/14640748308400912
Article
Google Scholar
Fernando, A., Urcelay, G., Mar, A., Dickinson, A., & Robbins, T. (2014a). Free-operant avoidance behavior by rats after reinforcer revaluation using opioid agonists and D-amphetamine. Journal of Neuroscience, 34(18), 6286–6293.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Fernando, A., Urcelay, G. P., Mar, A. C., Dickinson, A., & Robbins, T. W. (2014b). Safety signals as instrumental reinforcers during free-operant avoidance. Learning & Memory, 21(9), 488–497.
Article
Google Scholar
Fox, E. J., & Semple, J. (2002). Understanding “cherry pickers:” How retail customers split their shopping baskets (Unpublished manuscript). Cox School of Business, Southern Methodist University.
Google Scholar
Gillan, C. M. M., Otto, A. R., Phelps, E. A., & Daw, N. D. (2015). Model-based learning protects against forming habits. Cognitive, Affective, & Behavioral Neuroscience, 15(3), 523–536. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13415-015-0347-6
Article
Google Scholar
Gremel, C. M., & Costa, R. M. (2013). Orbifrontal and striatal circuits dynamically encode the shift between goal-directed and habitual actions. Nature Communications, 4(May), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms3264
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Hayden, B. Y. (2018). Economic choice: The foraging perspective. Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences, 24, 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cobeha.2017.12.002
Article
Google Scholar
Konorski, J. (1967). Integrative activity of the brain. University of Chicago Press: Chicago.
Google Scholar
Kosaki, Y., & Dickinson, A. (2010). Choice and contingency in the development of behavioral autonomy during instrumental conditioning. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes, 36(3), 334–342. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0016887
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Maia, T. V. (2010). Two-factor theory, the actor-critic model, and conditioned avoidance. Learning & Behavior, 38(1), 50–67. https://doi.org/10.3758/LB.38.1.50
Article
Google Scholar
O’Doherty, J. P., Lee, S. W., Tadayonnejad, R., Cockburn, J., Iigaya, K., & Charpentier, C. J. (2021). Why and how the brain weights contributions from a mixture of experts. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 123, 14–23.
Article
Google Scholar
Perez, Oh, Rojas, & Merlo. (in preparation). The causal status of goal-directed actions after manipulations of the action-outcome association.
Google Scholar
Perez, O. D. (2021). Instrumental behavior in humans is sensitive to the correlation between response rate and reward rate. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 28(2), 649–656.
Article
Google Scholar
Perez, O. D., & Dickinson, A. (2020). A theory of actions and habits: The interaction of rate correlation and contiguity systems in free-operant behavior. Psychological Review, 127(6), 945–971. https://doi.org/10.1037/rev0000201
Perez, O. D., & Dickinson, A. (2023). Dual-system avoidance: Extension of a theory. BioRxiv. https://doi.org/10.1101/2023.05.24.542134
Perez, O. D., & Soto, F. (2020). Evidence for a dissociation between causal beliefs and instrumental actions. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 73(4), 495–503.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Pérez, O. D., Aitken, M. R. F. F., Milton, A. L., Dickinson, A., Perez, O. D., Milton, A. L., Aitken, M. R. F. F., & Dickinson, A. (2018). A re-examination of responding on ratio and regulated-probability interval schedules. Learning and Motivation, 64, 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lmot.2018.07.003
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Pool, E. R., Gera, R., Fransen, A., Perez, O. D., Cremer, A., Aleksic, M., Tanwisuth, S., Quail, S., Ceceli, A. O., & Manfredi, D. A. (2022). Determining the effects of training duration on the behavioral expression of habitual control in humans: A multilaboratory investigation. Learning & Memory, 29(1), 16–28.
Article
Google Scholar
Rescorla, R. A. (1993). Preservation of response-outcome associations through extinction. Animal Learning & Behavior, 21(3), 238–245. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03197988
Article
Google Scholar
Rescorla, R. A., & Wagner, A. R. (1972). A theory of Pavlovian conditioning: Variations in the effectiveness of reinforcement and nonreinforcement. In W. F. Black & A. H. Prokasy (Eds.), Classical conditioning II: Current research and theory (pp. 64–99). New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts. https://doi.org10.1037/a0030892
Google Scholar
Schwabe, L., & Wolf, O. T. (2009). Stress prompts habit behavior in humans. Journal of Neuroscience, 29(22), 7191–7198.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Schwabe, L., & Wolf, O. T. (2010). Socially evaluated cold pressor stress after instrumental learning favors habits over goal-directed action. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 35(7), 977–986.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Seligman, M. E., & Johnston, J. C. (1973). A cognitive theory of avoidance learning. In F. J. McGuigan & D. B. Lumsden (Eds.), Contemporary approaches to conditioning and learning (pp. 69–110). Winston & Sons Inc.
Google Scholar
Stephens, D. W., & Krebs, J. R. (1986). Foraging theory (Vol. 6). Princeton University Press.
Google Scholar
Sutton, R. S., & Barto, A. G. (2018). Reinforcement learning: An introduction. MIT Press.
Google Scholar
Taylor, G. A., & Neslin, S. A. (2005). The current and future sales impact of a retail frequency reward program. Journal of Retailing, 81(4), 293–305.
Article
Google Scholar
Tricomi, E., Balleine, B. W., & O’Doherty, J. P. (2009). A specific role for posterior dorsolateral striatum in human habit learning. The European Journal of Neuroscience, 29(11), 2225–2232. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-9568.2009.06796.x
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Vaghi, M. M., Cardinal, R. N., Apergis-Schoute, A. M., Fineberg, N. A., Sule, A., & Robbins, T. W. (2019). Action-outcome knowledge dissociates from behavior in obsessive-compulsive disorder following contingency degradation. Biological Psychiatry: Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroimaging, 4, 200–209.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Wagner, A. R., & Rescorla, R. A. (1972). Inhibition in Pavlovian conditioning: application of a theory. In R. A. Boakes & M. S. Halliday (Eds.), Inhibition and learning. New York: Academic.
Google Scholar
Wang, O., Lee, S. W., O’Doherty, J., Seymour, B., & Yoshida, W. (2018). Model-based and model-free pain avoidance learning. Brain and Neuroscience Advances, 2, 239821281877296. https://doi.org/10.1177/2398212818772964
Article
Google Scholar
Williams, B. A., & McDevitt, M. A. (2002). Inhibition and superconditioning. Psychological Science, 13(5), 454–459.
Google Scholar