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Evaluation of Fixed-Wing Pilot Strategies in Startle and Surprise Events: A Survey Study

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Engineering Psychology and Cognitive Ergonomics (HCII 2025)

Part of the book series: Lecture Notes in Computer Science ((LNAI,volume 15777))

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Abstract

Pilots frequently encounter startle and/or surprise (S&S), which can negatively affect their performance. To investigate the types of non-nominal events that prompt S&S, 92 pilots from different fixed-wing operating backgrounds - commercial, military and general aviation - completed a survey. In addition to exploring the relative prevalence of different S&S events, the survey required participants to reflect on the level of stress and mental workload experienced during these events. They also rated the perceived effectiveness of any S&S management methods or techniques they may have implemented. Overall, 95% of the participants reported that they had experienced S&S events. Spatial disorientation and bird strikes caused the highest levels of stress. Aircraft system malfunctions, severe turbulence and automation surprises induced the highest workload. The respondents indicated that applying S&S management techniques helped relieve stress and mental workload. The perceived effectiveness of applying breathing-based techniques was significantly greater than other methods. However, despite regulatory recommendations, only 23% of participants were trained in breathing-based methods. The survey also asked participants to remark on their openness to adopt methods that are specifically tailored to expedite emotional and cognitive recovery from S&S. In this study, the Aviate-Breathe-Communicate (ABC) method was evaluated. Across a range of hypothetical S&S events, participants rated the ABC method as most useful in disorientation scenarios. The lack of time was perceived as the most significant barrier to applying this method in critical events. Additionally, participants rated the variability and unpredictability of their training; however, no significant relationship was found between these ratings and perceived stress levels during S&S events. These findings highlighted the need for improvement in S&S training programs and emphasised the recommendation of breathing-based techniques for managing acute stress in high-stakes situations.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Faculty of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Cranfield University, Bedford, UK

    King-yee Ko, Daan Vlaskamp & James Blundell

  2. Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands

    Daan Vlaskamp & Annemarie Landman

Authors
  1. King-yee Ko
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  2. Daan Vlaskamp
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  3. Annemarie Landman
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  4. James Blundell
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Correspondence to King-yee Ko .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Coventry University, Coventry, UK

    Don Harris

  2. Cranfield University, Cranfield, UK

    Wen-Chin Li

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Ko, Ky., Vlaskamp, D., Landman, A., Blundell, J. (2025). Evaluation of Fixed-Wing Pilot Strategies in Startle and Surprise Events: A Survey Study. In: Harris, D., Li, WC. (eds) Engineering Psychology and Cognitive Ergonomics. HCII 2025. Lecture Notes in Computer Science(), vol 15777. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-93721-7_5

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-93721-7_5

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