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Changing Forms of Wage Labour in Zimbabwe’s New Agrarian Structure

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Abstract

This chapter examines the changing nature of farm wage labour in the context of the extensive redistributive land reform since 2000. Using field research from two districts in Zimbabwe with contrasting agro-ecology and socio-economic patterns, it shows that agrarian wage labour is not the preserve of large-scale capitalist farms (LSCFs), which it is usually associated with. The new agrarian structure dominated by the peasantry not only employs an expanded base of unpaid family labourers, but also employs ‘informal’ wage labour whose character and conditions of employment are qualitatively different from the full and part-time labour of the past. Yet, there is continuation of the super-exploitation of agrarian wage labourers that is reflected by the payment of poor wages and differing degrees of the institution of the residential labour tenancy in both the old and new farm compounds. Landlessness and/or land shortage continues to be a key characteristic of farm wage labourers as in the past suggesting the persistence of the labour reserve dynamic.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    The FTLRP redistributed land using two models; namely the A1 and A2 schemes. The A1 scheme was intended to expand the small-holder farming sector (commonly called the Communal Area sector), to cater for the landless, unemployed and disadvantaged peoples from communal, urban and other areas. On average, the A1 beneficiaries were given 5 to 6 hectares of arable land for farming and 7 to 15 hectares per household for grazing. There are 146,000 A1 household land allocations in the country (Moyo 2011a, b, c, p. 512). The A2 scheme sought to expand commercial farming to blacks. It comprises individually held farm units ranging in size from the small 50 hectares to large-scale A2 units (at around 400 to 1500 hectares). Their average size was about 330 hectares in 2003 (Utete 2003). Farm sizes vary according to natural regions, with those in drier suited for extensive livestock production getting the larger land sizes. By 2010, the A2 model was made up of small-, medium- and large-scale commercial farms and there were about 25,000 A2 farms nationwide, meaning that the former 4500 LSCFs have been subdivided into approximately 171,000 farm units (a 30 fold increase; Moyo 2011a, b, c, pp. 512). The households who got land under the FTLRP are generally referred to as new farm households in the literature and in this chapter. The A1 and A2 schemes added to the other land existing categories, which are Communal Areas—the areas gazetted for smallholder farming since the colonial period; LSCFs, SSCFs—areas gazetted to promote black commercial farms since the colonial period and the Old Resettlement Areas—lands where people were resettled during the first phase of the Land Reform and Resettlement Programme, mostly early years after independence.

  2. 2.

    Data were collected from 402 landholders in Goromonzi and Kwekwe districts by AIAS in 2014 while the farm labour survey interviewed 200 farm labourers in each district in 2017.

  3. 3.

    Noteworthy is that piecework in Zimbabwe is outlawed in most industrial sectors (e.g., engineering, iron and steel industry), except agriculture.

  4. 4.

    The grades of farm workers ranged from grades one to seven, from the least skilled general hands to the highest level, which comprised clerks, senior medical orderly and maintenance operatives in the LSCFs.

  5. 5.

    Employment for the year 2000 is based on estimates from CSO (2000).

  6. 6.

    In both districts, there was a statistically significant association at 95 per cent level of significance between the education level and employment history in the LSCFs. Goromonzi: Chi-square = 15.74, p = 0.03, N = 99 and Kwekwe: Chi-square = 21.54, p = 0.00, N = 105.

  7. 7.

    Crop diversification index measures the extent to which farm households produce a diverse range of crops. It is n calculated as CDIi = 1-S (aij/Ai)2 where CDIi = crop diversity index; aij = area planted to jth crop in the ith location; j = 1 Ai = total are planted under all crops. The index is zero for monocropping and moves towards 1 as the level of diversity increases (Shahidullah et al. 2006).

  8. 8.

    Standard deviation was 5 years based on 199 interviews.

  9. 9.

    Maricho is a derogatory term used to describe daily wage work and is normally associated with the poorest segments of the rural society.

  10. 10.

    Name of the farm has been changed to protect the identity of the respondents.

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    Walter Chambati

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    Walter Chambati

  3. Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda

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Chambati, W. (2021). Changing Forms of Wage Labour in Zimbabwe’s New Agrarian Structure. In: Jha, P., Chambati, W., Ossome, L. (eds) Labour Questions in the Global South. Palgrave Macmillan, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-33-4635-2_16

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