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. 2001 Dec;25(4):402-8.
doi: 10.1006/meth.2001.1262.

Analysis of relative gene expression data using real-time quantitative PCR and the 2(-Delta Delta C(T)) Method

K J Livak  1 , T D Schmittgen
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Analysis of relative gene expression data using real-time quantitative PCR and the 2(-Delta Delta C(T)) Method

K J Livak et al. Methods. 2001 Dec.

Abstract

The two most commonly used methods to analyze data from real-time, quantitative PCR experiments are absolute quantification and relative quantification. Absolute quantification determines the input copy number, usually by relating the PCR signal to a standard curve. Relative quantification relates the PCR signal of the target transcript in a treatment group to that of another sample such as an untreated control. The 2(-Delta Delta C(T)) method is a convenient way to analyze the relative changes in gene expression from real-time quantitative PCR experiments. The purpose of this report is to present the derivation, assumptions, and applications of the 2(-Delta Delta C(T)) method. In addition, we present the derivation and applications of two variations of the 2(-Delta Delta C(T)) method that may be useful in the analysis of real-time, quantitative PCR data.

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