Fig. 4 | Communications Biology

Fig. 4

From: An unusual bird (Theropoda, Avialae) from the Early Cretaceous of Japan suggests complex evolutionary history of basal birds

Fig. 4

Caudal vertebrae. a Anterior caudal vertebra in left lateral, right lateral, cranial, and caudal views from top to bottom. b Posterior caudal vertebra in left lateral, right lateral, cranial, and caudal views from top to bottom. c Pygostyle in left lateral, right lateral, ventral, cranial, and caudal views from top to bottom. d Sagittal section of the pygostyle under computed tomography image. e Pygostyle of Gallus gallus domesticus in ventral view. Black arrows in c, d, and e denote ventromedial canals observed in FPDM-V-9769 and G. gallus domesticus. Abbreviations: ivf intervertebral foramen, ns neural spine, ps paddle-like structure, tp transverse process, vf vertebral foramen. Scale bars equal 5 mm in a–c, 2 mm in d, and 5 mm in e

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