Skip to main content
NCBI home page
Frontiers in Plant Science logoLink to Frontiers in Plant Science
. 2018 Oct 26;9:1298. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01298

Corrigendum: Phytoplasmas—The “Crouching Tiger” Threat of Australian Plant Pathology

Jian Liu 1,2,3, David Gopurenko 3,4, Murray J Fletcher 3, Anne C Johnson 3, Geoff M Gurr 1,2,3,*
PMCID: PMC6214406  PMID: 30402053

In the original article, information for phytoplasmas in Table 1 did not fully reflect recent changes in taxonomy, or showed changes only as footnotes. Corrections have been made in the sections below and in Table 1.

Table 1.

Taxonomic and biological information on phytoplasmas in Australia (empty cells denote the absence of available information).

16Sr group “Candidatus Phytoplasma” name Phytoplasma trivial name Host plant species Potential vectors Location+ References*
II australasiaea Australian lucerne yellows Medicago sativa, Carica papaya Orosius argentatus, Austroagallia torrida, Orosius spp., Batracomorphus sp. South Australia, New South Wales, Northern Territory Padovan and Gibb, 2001*; Pilkington et al., 2003*; Yang et al., 2013
II Bonamia pannosa little leaf Bonamia pannosa Northern Territory Schneider et al., 1999; Padovan and Gibb, 2001
II Cactus witches' broom Carica papaya Northern Territory Padovan and Gibb, 2001
II Cocky apple witches' broom Planchonia careya Queensland Davis et al., 2001
II Waltheria little leaf Mitracarpus hirtus, Saccharum sp., Spermacocci sp., Waltheria indica, Carica papaya Northern Territory Schneider et al., 1999; Tran-Nguyen et al., 2000; Padovan and Gibb, 2001; Wilson et al., 2001
II australasiae Tomato big bud Achyranthes aspera, Aeschynomene spp., Alysicarpus rugosus, Amaranthus sp., Apium graveolens, Arachis spp., Boeharvia sp., Brugmansia x candida, Capsicum annuum, Carica papaya, Catharanthus roseus, Cajanus cajan, Citrus paradisi, Crotalaria spp., Cenchrus ciliaris, Cichorium intybus, Cleome viscosa, Cucurbita maxima, Cynodon dactylon, Daucus carota, Emilia sonchifolia, Eragrostis falcata, Eriachne obtusa, Euphorbia milii, Evolvulus sp., Gerbera sp., Goodenia sp., Guizotia abyssinica, Ipomoea spp., Lactuca sativa, Lycopersicon esculentum, Macroptilium spp., Medicago sativa, Mucuna pruriens, Passiflora sp., Phlox sp., Physalis minima, Ptilotus distans, Rhynchosia minima, Saccharum sp., Sarcochilus hartmanii × S. falcatus, Sesamum indicum, Sida cordifolia, Lycopersicon esculentum, Solanum melongena, Stylosanthes scabra, Trifolium repens, Vigna spp., Vitis vinifera, Zinnia elegans, Austroagallia torrida Northern Territory, New South Wales, Queensland, Western Australia, Victoria Gibb et al., 1995; Davis et al., 1997b; Gowanlock et al., 1998; De La Rue et al., 1999; Tran-Nguyen et al., 2000, 2003; Wilson et al., 2001*; Pilkington et al., 2004; Streten and Gibb, 2006
II aurantifolia Chickpea little leaf Cicer arietinum Western Australia Saqib et al., 2005
II australasiae Papaya yellow crinkle Carica papaya Queensland Gibb et al., 1996; White et al., 1998
II australasiae Papaya mosaic Carica papaya Queensland Gibb et al., 1996; White et al., 1998
II Tree medic witches' broom Medicago arborea South Australia Yang et al., 2013
II Pigeonpea phyllody Cajanus cajan South Australia Yang et al., 2013
II Pigeon pea little leaf Arachis spp., Catharanthus roseus, Crotalaria spp., Desmodium triflorum, Indigofera sp., Macroptilium bracteatum Pterocaulon sp. Sesuvium portulacastrum, Stylosanthes spp., Vigna radiata Northern Territory, Queensland, Torres Strait Schneider et al., 1999; De La Rue et al., 2001; Padovan and Gibb, 2001; Wilson et al., 2001; Davis et al., 2003; Streten and Gibb, 2006
II-D australasiae Pale purple coneflower witches' broom Echinacea pallida Tasmania Pearce et al., 2011
II-D australasiae Sweet potato little leaf Alysicarpus vaginalis, Aphyllodium sp., Arachis spp., Cajanus marmoratus, Carica papaya, Catharanthus roseus, Centrosema pascuorum, Citrus sp., Cleome viscosa, Crotalaria spp., Cucurbita maxima, Cyanthillium spp., Desmodium spp., Emilia sonchifolia, Indigofera spp., Ipomoea batatas, Macroptilium gracile, Medicago sativa, Mitracarpus hirtus, Nicotiana tabacum, Pachyrhizus erosus, Physalis minima, Rhynchosia minima, Senna obtusifolia, Sesamum indicum, Stylosanthes ssp., Tridax procumbens, Vigna spp. Austroagallia torrida, Orosius spp., Batracomorphus sp. Torres Strait, Northern Territory, Western Australia, New South Wales Gibb et al., 1995*; Liu et al., 1996; Davis et al., 1997b; Schneider and Gibb, 1997*; De La Rue et al., 1999, 2001; Padovan and Gibb, 2001; Wilson et al., 2001; Davis et al., 2003; Streten and Gibb, 2006; Tairo et al., 2006; Tran-Nguyen et al., 2012
XI-B Cynodon white leaf Cynodon dactylon, Dactyloctenium aegyptium Northern Territory, Western Australia Schneider et al., 1999; Tran-Nguyen et al., 2000; Blanche et al., 2003
XI-B Sorghum grassy shoot Dactyloctenium spp., Sorghum stipoideum, Whiteochloa spp., Chloris inflata, Whiteochloa cymbiformis Western Australia, Northern Territory Tran-Nguyen et al., 2000; Blanche et al., 2003
XII Australian lucerne yellows Medicago sativa New South Wales Getachew et al., 2007
XII Papaya dieback Carica papaya Queensland Gibb et al., 1996; White et al., 1998
XII-B australiense Pumpkin yellow leaf curl Cucurbita maxima, C. moschata Queensland, Western Australia, Northern Territory Streten et al., 2005
XII-B australiense Cenchrus bunchy shoot Cenchrus setiger Western Australia Tran-Nguyen et al., 2000
XII-B australiense Strawberry green petal disease Fragaria x ananassa Queensland Padovan et al., 2000
XII-B australiense Strawberry lethal yellows Fragaria x ananassa Queensland Padovan et al., 2000
XII-B australiense Australian grapevine yellowsb Vitis vinifera, Carica papaya South Australia, Queensland Davis et al., 1997a,b; Davis and Sinclair, 1998; Davis et al., 2003
XXIIIc Buckland Valley grapevine yellows Vitis vinifera Victoria Constable et al., 2003; Streten and Gibb, 2006; Zhao and Davis, 2016
XXVd Weeping tea tree witches' broom Melaleuca spp. Queensland Davis et al., 2003; Zhao and Davis, 2016
XXXIII Allocasuarina yellows Allocasuarina muelleriana South Australia Gibb et al., 2003; Zhao and Davis, 2016
Poinsettia branchinge Euphorbia pulcherrima Schneider et al., 1999
Galactia little leaf Galactia tenuiflora Northern Territory Schneider et al., 1999; Padovan and Gibb, 2001
Sorghum bunchy shoot Sorghum stipoideum Tran-Nguyen et al., 2000
Stylosanthes little leaf Arachis pintoi, Carica papaya, Saccharum sp., Sesuvium portulacastrum, Stylosanthes scabra Austroagallia torrida, Orosius spp., Batracomorphus sp. Northern Territory, Queensland, New South Wales Schneider et al., 1999; Tran-Nguyen et al., 2000; De La Rue et al., 2001; Padovan and Gibb, 2001; Davis et al., 2003; Gopurenko et al., 2016
Sugarcane white leaf Saccharum sp. Western Australia, Queensland Tran-Nguyen et al., 2000
Vigna little leaf Vigna lanceolata, Carica papaya, Tridax procumbens Austroagallia torrida, Batracomorphus sp. Northern Australia Schneider et al., 1999; De La Rue et al., 2001; Padovan and Gibb, 2001
Mundulla yellows diseasef Eucalyptus camaldulensis, E. baxteri, E. leucoxylon South Australia Hanold et al., 2006
Paulownia witches' broomg Paulownia sp. Western Australia Bayliss et al., 2005
Open in a new tab
*

Denotes reference for vector data.

+

Location data are from the listed references but not every plant species was diseased in every location.

a

A new taxon, Ca. Phytoplasma australasia was proposed (White et al., 1998) to include the phytoplasma associated with papaya yellow crinkle and papaya mosaic (as well as tomato big bud) but later revised to “Ca. australasiae” (to include the papaya-associated phytoplasmas but not TBB; Firrao et al., 2005).

b

Davis and Sinclair (1998) moved the AGY phytoplasma from the 16SrI group into the stolbur group (16SrXII) and designated it subgroup B.

c

Constable et al. (2003) reported a close relationship to 16Sr I. Zhao and Davis (2016) subsequently placed this into a new group: 16SrXXIII.

d

Zhao and Davis (2016) placed this into this new group and potentially a new “Ca. Phytoplasma” species.

e

This phytoplasma has not been found in economically important field crops.

f

Tentative data only for a phytoplasma etiology.

g

RFLP patterns showed high similarity to “Candidatus Phytoplasma australiense.”

Abstract

Phytoplasmas are insect-vectored bacteria that cause disease in a wide range of plant species. The increasing availability of molecular DNA analyses, expertise, and additional methods in recent years has led to a proliferation of discoveries of phytoplasma-plant host associations and in the numbers of taxonomic groupings for phytoplasmas. The widespread use of common names based on the diseases with which they are associated, as well as separate phenetic and taxonomic systems for classifying phytoplasmas based on variation at the 16S rRNA-encoding gene, complicates interpretation of the literature. We explore this issue and related trends through a focus on Australian pathosystems, providing the first comprehensive compilation of information for this continent, covering the phytoplasmas, host plants, vectors, and diseases. Of the 33 16Sr groups reported internationally, only groups II, XI, XII, XXIII, XXV, and XXXIII have been recorded in Australia and this highlights the need for ongoing biosecurity measures to prevent the introduction of additional pathogen groups. Many of the phytoplasmas reported in Australia have not been sufficiently well-studied to assign them to 16Sr groups so it is likely that unrecognized groups and sub-groups are present. Wide host plant ranges are apparent among well studied phytoplasmas, with multiple crop and non-crop species infected by some. Disease management is further complicated by the fact that putative vectors have been identified for few phytoplasmas, especially in Australia. Despite rapid progress in recent years using molecular approaches, phytoplasmas remain the least well-studied group of plant pathogens, making them a “crouching tiger” disease threat.

Issue 2: Complex taxonomic nomenclature, paragraphs 2 and 3

Second, as molecular methods became available, workers were able to group and phenetically classify phytoplasmas using restricted fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis of a PCR amplified portion of the 16S rRNA gene with a defined set of restriction enzymes (Lee et al., 1998). The RFLP profiles generated for different phytoplasmas are generally consistent with sequence-based phylogenetic analyses of the 16S rRNA gene, particularly in the co-identification and grouping of related strains. The 33 16Sr groups currently defined each have a similarity of less than 85% compared with any representative phytoplasma from within an established 16Sr group (Zhao and Davis, 2016). Table 1 summarizes available information on the 16Sr groups reported in Australian studies. Of the 33 16Sr groups reported internationally, only groups II, XI, XII, XXIII, XXV, and XXXIII have been recorded in Australia and this highlights the need for ongoing biosecurity measures to prevent the introduction of additional pathogen groups.

Third, phytoplasmas are classified in the provisional genus “Candidatus Phytoplasma” (IRPCM, 2004). To date, there are 42 formally described species and ten potentially novel phytoplasma species (Davis et al., 2015). This number exceeds the current number of 16s rRNA groups because some of these groups contain several “Candidatus Phytoplasma” species. At least 100 subgroups are known (Dickinson and Hodgetts, 2013). According to Phytoplasma/Spiroplasma Working Team-Phytoplasma Taxonomy Group, a novel “Ca. Phytoplasma” species description should refer to a single, unique 16S rRNA gene sequence (>1,200 bp), and a strain can be recognized as a novel “Ca. Phytoplasma” species if its 16S rRNA gene sequence has <97.5% similarity to that of any previously described “Ca. Phytoplasma” species (Duduk and Bertaccini, 2011). Additional biological characters such as antibody specificity, host range and vector transmission specificity as well as genetic markers can also be used in an integrative taxonomy approach for species differentiation. Of the 42 recognized “Ca. Phytoplasma” species, only Ca. Phytoplasma aurantifolia, Ca. Phytoplasma australasiae and Ca. Phytoplasma australiense are reported in Australia (Table 1) but uncertainty exists because many papers appear without Ca. Phytoplasma names which are used consistently only in the case of the GenBank database.

The authors apologize for this error and state that this does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way. The original article has been updated.

Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

References

  1. Bayliss K. L., Saqib M., Dell B., Jones M. G. K., Hardy G. E. S. J. (2005). First record of “Candidatus Phytoplasma australiense” in Paulownia trees. Australas. Plant Pathol. 34, 123–124. 10.1071/AP04089 [DOI] [Google Scholar]
  2. Blanche K. R., Tran-Nguyen L. T. T., Gibb K. S. (2003). Detection, identification and significance of phytoplasmas in grasses in northern Australia. Plant Pathol. 52, 505–512. 10.1046/j.1365-3059.2003.00871.x [DOI] [Google Scholar]
  3. Constable F. E., Whiting J. R., Jones J., Gibb K. S., Symons R. H. (2003). The distribution of grapevine yellows disease associated with the buckland valley grapevine yellows phytoplasma. J. Phytopathol. 151, 65–73. 10.1046/j.1439-0434.2003.00681.x [DOI] [Google Scholar]
  4. Davis R., Dally E. L., Gundersen D. E., Lee I. M., Habili N. (1997a). “Candidatus Phytoplasma australiense,” a New Phytoplasma Taxon Associated with Australian Grapevine Yellows. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 47, 262–269. 10.1099/00207713-47-2-262 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  5. Davis R. I., Henderson J., Jones L. M., McTaggart A. R., O'Dwyer C., Tsatsia F., et al. (2015). First record of a wilt disease of banana plants associated with phytoplasmas in Solomon Islands. Australas. Plant Dis. Notes 10:14 10.1007/s13314-015-0163-4 [DOI] [Google Scholar]
  6. Davis R., Schneider B., Gibb K. (1997b). Detection and differentiation of phytoplasmas in Australia. Aust. J. Agric. Res. 48, 535–544. 10.1071/A96114 [DOI] [Google Scholar]
  7. Davis R. E., Sinclair W. A. (1998). Phytoplasma identity and disease etiology. Phytopathology 88, 1372–1376. 10.1094/PHYTO.1998.88.12.1372 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  8. Davis R. I., Jacobson S. C., Rue S. J., Tran-Nguyen L., Gunua T. G., Rahamma S. (2003). Phytoplasma disease surveys in the extreme north of Queensland, Australia, and the island of New Guinea. Australas. Plant Pathol. 32, 269–277. 10.1071/AP03020 [DOI] [Google Scholar]
  9. Davis R. I., Jacobson S. C., Waldeck G. J., De La Rue S. J., Gibb K. S. (2001). A witches' broom of cocky apple (Planchonia careya) in north Queensland. Australas. Plant Pathol. 30, 179–179. 10.1071/AP01016 [DOI] [Google Scholar]
  10. De La Rue S., Padovan A., Gibb K. (2001). Stylosanthes is a Host for Several Phytoplasmas, One of which Shows Unique 16S-23S Intergenic Spacer Region Heterogeneity. J. Phytopathol. 149, 613–619. 10.1046/j.1439-0434.2001.00683.x [DOI] [Google Scholar]
  11. De La Rue S. J., Schneider B., Gibb K. S. (1999). Genetic variability in phytoplasmas associated with papaya yellow crinkle and papaya mosaic diseases in Queensland and the Northern Territory. Australas. Plant Pathol. 28, 108–114. 10.1071/AP99019 [DOI] [Google Scholar]
  12. Dickinson M., Hodgetts J. (eds) (2013). Phytoplasma: Methods and Protocols, Dordrecht. Netherlands: Science+Business Media. [Google Scholar]
  13. Duduk B., Bertaccini A. (2011). Phytoplasma classification: taxonomy based on 16S ribosomal gene, is it enough? Phytopathogenic Mollicutes 1, 3–13. 10.5958/j.2249-4669.1.1.001 [DOI] [Google Scholar]
  14. Firrao G., Gibb K., Streten C. (2005). Short taxonomic guide to the genus “Candidatus Phytoplasma.” J. Plant Pathol. 87, 249–263. 10.4454/jpp.v87i4.926 [DOI] [Google Scholar]
  15. Getachew M. A., Mitchell A., Gurr G. M., Fletcher M. J., Pilkington L. J., Nikandrow A. (2007). First report of a “Candidatus phytoplasma australiense”-related strain in lucerne (Medicago sativa) in Australia. Plant Dis. 91, 111–111. 10.1094/PD-91-0111A [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  16. Gibb K., Padovan A., Mogen B. (1995). Studies on sweet potato little-leaf phytoplasma detected in sweet potato and other plant species growing in Northern Australia. Phytopathology 85, 169–174. 10.1094/Phyto-85-169 [DOI] [Google Scholar]
  17. Gibb K., Persley D., Schneider B., Thomas J. (1996). Phytoplasmas associated with papaya diseases in Australia. Plant Dis. 80, 174–178. 10.1094/PD-80-0174 [DOI] [Google Scholar]
  18. Gibb K. S., Tran-Nguyen L. T. T., Randles J. W. (2003). A new phytoplasma detected in the South Australian native perennial shrub, Allocasuarina muelleriana. Ann. Appl. Biol. 142, 357–364. 10.1111/j.1744-7348.2003.tb00261.x [DOI] [Google Scholar]
  19. Gopurenko D., Fletcher M. J., Liu J., Gurr G. M. (2016). Expanding and exploring the diversity of phytoplasmas from lucerne (Medicago sativa). Sci. Rep. 6:37746. 10.1038/srep37746 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  20. Gowanlock D. H., Ogle H. J., Gibb K. S. (1998). Phytoplasma associated with virescence in an epiphytic orchid in Australia. Australas. Plant Pathol. 27, 265–268. 10.1071/AP98031 [DOI] [Google Scholar]
  21. Hanold D., Gowanlock D., Stukely M. J. C., Habili N., Randles J. W. (2006). Mundulla Yellows disease of eucalypts: descriptors and preliminary studies on distribution and etiology. Australas. Plant Pathol. 35, 199–215. 10.1071/AP06013 [DOI] [Google Scholar]
  22. IRPCM (2004). “Candidatus Phytoplasma,” a taxon for the wall-less, non-helical prokaryotes that colonize plant phloem and insects. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 54, 1243–1255. 10.1099/ijs.0.02854-0 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  23. Lee I.-M., Gundersen-Rindal D. E., Davis R. E., Bartoszyk I. M. (1998). Revised classification scheme of phytoplasmas based on RFLP Analyses of 16S rRNA and ribosomal protein gene sequences. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 48, 1153–1169. 10.1099/00207713-48-4-1153 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  24. Liu B., White D., Walsh K., Scott P. (1996). Detection of phytoplasmas in dieback, yellow crinkle, and mosaic diseases of papaya using polymerase chain reaction techniques. Aust. J. Agric. Res. 47, 387–394. 10.1071/AR9960387 [DOI] [Google Scholar]
  25. Padovan A., Gibb K., Persley D. (2000). Association of “Candidatus Phytoplasma australiense” with green petal and lethal yellows diseases in strawberry. Plant Pathol. 49, 362–369. 10.1046/j.1365-3059.2000.00461.x [DOI] [Google Scholar]
  26. Padovan A. C., Gibb K. S. (2001). Epidemiology of phytoplasma diseases in papaya in Northern Australia. J. Phytopathol. 149, 649–658. 10.1046/j.1439-0434.2001.00688.x [DOI] [Google Scholar]
  27. Pearce T. L., Scott J. B., Pethybridge S. J. (2011). First report of a 16SrII-D subgroup phytoplasma associated with pale purple coneflower Witches'-Broom disease in Australia. Plant Dis. 95, 773–773. 10.1094/PDIS-03-11-0155 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  28. Pilkington L. J., Gibb K. S., Gurr G. M., Fletcher M. J., Nikandrow A., Elliott E., et al. (2003). Detection and identification of a phytoplasma from lucerne with Australian lucerne yellows disease. Plant Pathol. 52, 754–762. 10.1111/j.1365-3059.2003.00934.x [DOI] [Google Scholar]
  29. Pilkington L. J., Gurr G. M., Fletcher M. J., Nikandrow A., Elliott E. (2004). Vector status of three leafhopper species for Australian lucerne yellows phytoplasma. Aust. J. Entomol. 43, 366–373. 10.1111/j.1440-6055.2004.00419.x [DOI] [Google Scholar]
  30. Saqib M., Bayliss K. L., Dell B., Hardf G. E. S., Jones M. G. K. (2005). First record of a phytoplasma-associated disease of chickpea (Cicer arietinum) in Australia. Australas. Plant Pathol. 34, 425–426. 10.1071/AP05047 [DOI] [Google Scholar]
  31. Schneider B., Gibb K. S. (1997). Detection of phytoplasmas in declining pears in Southern Australia. Plant Dis. 81, 254–258. 10.1094/PDIS.1997.81.3.254 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  32. Schneider B., Padovan A., Rue S., Eichner R., Davis R., Bernuetz A., et al. (1999). Detection and differentiation of phytoplasmas in Australia: an update. Aust. J. Agric. Res. 50, 333–342. 10.1071/A98106 [DOI] [Google Scholar]
  33. Streten C., Conde B., Herrington M., Moulder J., Gibb K. (2005). Candidatus Phytoplasma australiense is associated with pumpkin yellow leaf curl disease in Queensland, Western Australia and the Northern Territory. Australas. Plant Pathol. 34, 103–105. 10.1071/AP04077 [DOI] [Google Scholar]
  34. Streten C., Gibb K. S. (2006). Phytoplasma diseases in sub-tropical and tropical Australia. Australas. Plant Pathol. 35, 129–146. 10.1071/AP06004 [DOI] [Google Scholar]
  35. Tairo F., Jones R. A. C., Valkonen J. P. T. (2006). Phytoplasma from little leaf disease affected sweetpotato in Western Australia: detection and phylogeny. Ann. Appl. Biol. 149, 9–14. 10.1111/j.1744-7348.2006.00065.x [DOI] [Google Scholar]
  36. Tran-Nguyen L., Blanche K. R., Egan B., Gibb K. S. (2000). Diversity of phytoplasmas in northern Australian sugarcane and other grasses. Plant Pathol. 49, 666–679. 10.1046/j.1365-3059.2000.00498.x [DOI] [Google Scholar]
  37. Tran-Nguyen L. T. T., Persley D. M., Gibb K. S. (2003). First report of phytoplasma disease in capsicum, celery and chicory in Queensland, Australia. Australas. Plant Pathol. 32, 559–560. 10.1071/AP03055 [DOI] [Google Scholar]
  38. Tran-Nguyen L. T. T., Smith S. H., Liberato J. R. (2012). Sweet potato little leaf strain V4 phytoplasma associated with snake bean in the Northern Territory, Australia. Australas. Plant Dis. Notes 7, 147–150. 10.1007/s13314-012-0071-9 [DOI] [Google Scholar]
  39. White D. T., Blackall L. L., Scott P. T., Walsh K. B. (1998). Phylogenetic positions of phytoplasmas associated with dieback, yellow crinkle and mosaic diseases of papaya, and their proposed inclusion in “Candidatus Phytoplasma australiense” and a new taxon, “Candidatus Phytoplasma australasia.” Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 48, 941–951. 10.1099/00207713-48-3-941 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  40. Wilson D., Blanche K. R., Gibb K. S. (2001). Phytoplasmas and disease symptoms of crops and weeds in the semi-arid tropics of the Northern Territory, Australia. Australas. Plant Pathol. 30, 159–163. 10.1071/AP01015 [DOI] [Google Scholar]
  41. Yang S., Habili N., Aoda A., Dundas I., Paull J., Randles J. (2013). Three group 16SrII phytoplasma variants detected in co-located pigeonpea, lucerne and tree medic in South Australia. Australas. Plant Dis. Notes 8, 125–129. 10.1007/s13314-013-0113-y [DOI] [Google Scholar]
  42. Zhao Y., Davis R. E. (2016). Criteria for phytoplasma 16Sr group/subgroup delineation and the need of a platform for proper registration of new groups and subgroups. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 66, 2121–2123. 10.1099/ijsem.0.000999 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Articles from Frontiers in Plant Science are provided here courtesy of Frontiers Media SA

RESOURCES