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Historicity of the Book of Mormon

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The historicity of the Book of Mormon, the claim that the book is ancient record of historic events, is an article of faith for most, but not all, members of the Latter Day Saint movement. Non-Mormon sources, in contrast, universally accept that the Book of Mormon is a 19th-century creation, not an ancient record of pre-Columbian America.[1][2] The narrative of the Book of Mormon has been disproven by a variety of archaeological, historical, and scientific facts.[3][4]

Book of Mormon origin

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In the early 19th century United States, settlers encountered the remnant of ancient mounds, or earthenworks. Locals speculated about who had constructed the mounds, how they had arrived in the Americas, and what relationship they had to contemporary indigenous populations.[5]

Joseph Smith, a young folk magic practitioner, reported a vision of treasures buried by ancient Mound Builders near his family home in New York.[5] In subsequent years, Smith claimed he had obtained the treasure, including a set of golden plates containing historical records and artifacts allowing the plates to be miraculously translated.[6] Smith published an English-language volume titled "The Book of Mormon" which purported to be a historic record of the ancient Americas.[5]

The Book of Mormon proposed to answer the questions of the day, explaining the transit of peoples to the Americas as a miraculous ocean voyage and narrating the destruction of mound builders at the hands of dark skinned Americans.[6] The Book of Mormon claims that shortly after God's miraculous confusion of tongues as punishment for the Tower of Babel, a group called the Jaredites undertook a miraculous transoceanic voyage to the Americas. The book further claims to describe the events in America after the fall of Jerusalem around 600 BCE, describing the righteous light-skinned Nephites who ultimately die at the hand of the Lamanites, a people cursed with dark skin by God for their wickedness. Archaeology has since concluded the mounds were constructive by a diverse set of ancient Native Americans, not a distinct culture or people.[5]

Founding a church and becoming its "Prophet, Seer, and Revelatory", Smith later began issuing statements he claimed were authored directly by God, without relying on claims of plates or artifacts.[6]

Mainstream views

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The Book of Mormon, though purportedly a translation of ancient records, is regarded as a 19th-century work dictated, edited, and published by Joseph Smith. Archaelogist Michael Coe wrote:

I know there is not one professionally trained archaeologist, who is not a Mormon, who sees any scientific justification for believing the foregoing to be true [...] nothing, absolutely nothing, has ever shown up in any New World excavation which would suggest to a dispassionate observer that the Book of Mormon, as claimed by Joseph Smith, is a historical document relating to the history of early migrants to our hemisphere.[7]

Historical errors in the Book of Mormon

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Main article: Anachronisms in the Book of Mormon
See also: Book of Mormon and the King James Bible

The Book of Mormon contains extensive verbatim content taken from the 1769 edition of the King James Bible, even replicating translation errors found in that specific edition.

The Book of Mormon mentions several animals, plants, and technologies which did not exist in the pre-Columbian Americas. These include asses, cattle, horses, oxen, sheep, swine, goats, elephants,[8] wheat,[9] barley,[10][11][12] silk,[13] steel,[14] brass, breast plates, chains, iron working,[i] plows, swords, scimitars, and chariots.[17]

While Smith and the Book of Mormon hold that Cumorah was a human-made mound, the hill is actually a naturally-occurring glacial drumlin. Though the book claims Cumorah was the site of battle with 200,000 deaths, there is no evidence that the hill was ever a settlement, fortification, or battle site.[citation needed]

In Smith's era, there was a widespread belief that a "lost white race" had been responsible for the building the large mounds throughout North America. The Book of Mormon adopts this viewpoint, claiming white pre-Columbian Americans like Moroni had been responsible for the mounds before being killed.[18][19] Similarly, in Smith's era, some authors subscribed to the Jewish Indian theory, the idea that Native Americans had originally come from the Middle East. The Book of Mormon adopted this theory, claiming that Native Americans were descended from the Lamanites: migrants who journeyed from the Middle East to the Americas in 600 BC and were later cursed with dark skin for their wickedness. In fact, the Americas had been inhabited for at least 15,000 years after migrants arrived from Asia, not the Middle East. Dark skin is modernly understood to be advantageous in a high-sun environment, not a divine curse. Beginning in 2007, the Book of Mormon's introduction was revised: it no longer claimed that the Lamanites were the "primary ancestors of the American Indians"; the revised text claims only that the Lamanites were "among the ancestors" of Native Americans.[20]

Lack of provenance

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Claims of the book's provenance further cast doubt upon its historicity. The receipt of the plates and their "translation" was described as magical or miraculous in nature. Smith did not permit others to view the plates and did not himself view the plates during the dictation of the Book of Mormon, instead looking at a seer stone in a hat. The supposed witnesses to the plates later left the church and explained their viewing as visionary in nature. Smith reported he returned the plates to an angel.[21]

Smith's later life

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Smith went on to be involved in banking fraud and to create other ahistoric texts.

In 1837, Smith and his followers began illegally issuing bank notes not backed by assets. Found guilty in absentia of operating an illegal bank, Smith fled Missouri after being indicted on charges of banking fraud.[22][23]

In 1835, Smith acquired Egyptian scrolls from a traveling mummy exhibit and began composing The Book of Abraham, which he claimed was a translation of the scrolls. By the 1850s, advances in decipherment of ancient Egyptian scripts made it possible to fully translate ancient Egyptian texts. Despite Smith's supposed "translation", in fact, the scrolls merely contained a common Egyptian funerary text.[24]

In 1843, Smith acquired a set of plates from Kinderhook, Illinois and "translated" the supposedly-ancient text recorded on them. In fact, the plates were a 19th century hoax.[25]: 131 

Throughout his life, Smith and his closest associates made public denials of the practice of polygamy and polyandry. In fact, Smith privately had dozens of wives.[26]

Faith-based views

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The dominant and widely accepted view in the Latter Day Saint movement is that the Book of Mormon is a true and accurate account of these ancient American civilizations whose religious history it documents. Joseph Smith, whom most Latter Day Saints believe to have translated the work, stated, "I told the brethren that the Book of Mormon was the most correct of any book on earth, and the keystone of our religion, and a man would get nearer to God by abiding by its precepts, than by any other book."[27]

As historic

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The Gospel Topics essays section of the official website of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church; the largest denomination in the movement[28]) has two essays titled "Book of Mormon and DNA Studies"[29] and "Book of Mormon Translation".[30] In them, the church affirms the literal historicity of the Book of Mormon. In the essay on DNA studies, the church argues for "a more careful approach to the data," and states that

The conclusions of genetics, like those of any science, are tentative, and much work remains to be done to fully understand the origins of the native populations of the Americas. Nothing is known about the DNA of Book of Mormon peoples, and even if their genetic profile were known, there are sound scientific reasons that it might remain undetected.

Meanwhile, in the essay on the Book of Mormon's translation, the church affirms that "the Book of Mormon came into the world through a series of miraculous events."

As inspired creation

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Unresolved issues of the book's historicity and the lack of supporting archaeological evidence have led some adherents to adopt the position that the Book of Mormon may have been the creation of Smith, but that it was nevertheless divinely inspired.[31][32] Between these two views is the view held by some Latter Day Saints that the Book of Mormon is a divine work of a spiritual nature, written in ancient America, but that its purpose is to teach of Christ and not to be used as a guide for history, geology, archaeology, or anthropology.[33][non-primary source needed]

In 1955, Thomas Stuart Ferguson, an attorney and a Latter-day Saint and the founder of the New World Archaeological Foundation (NWAF), with five years of funding from the LDS Church, began to dig throughout Mesoamerica for evidence of the veracity of the Book of Mormon claims. In a 1961 newsletter, Ferguson predicted that although nothing had been found, the Book of Mormon cities would be found within ten years.[34] In 1972, Christian scholar Hal Hougey wrote to Ferguson questioning the progress made, given the stated timetable in which the cities would be found.[35] Replying to Hougey as well as secular and non-secular requests, Ferguson wrote in a letter dated June 5, 1972: "Ten years have passed . ... I had sincerely hoped that Book-of-Mormon cities would be positively identified within 10 years—and time has proved me wrong in my anticipation."[35]

In 1969 NWAF colleague Dee Green stated "Just how much the foundation is doing to advance the cause of Book of Mormon archaeology depends on one's point of view about Book of Mormon archaeology."[36] After this article and another six years of fruitless search, Ferguson published a paper in which he concluded, "I'm afraid that up to this point, I must agree with Dee Green, who has told us that to date there is no Book-of-Mormon geography".[37] Referring to his own paper, Ferguson wrote a 1976 letter in which he stated: "The real implication of the paper is that you can't set the Book-of-Mormon geography down anywhere—because it is fictional and will never meet the requirements of the dirt-archeology. I should say—what is in the ground will never conform to what is in the book."[35]

As spiritual deception

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Some non-Mormons attribute the Book of Mormon to the supernatural via mechanisms which are variously described as magical, occultic, psychic, demonic, or diabolical. As early as 1838, one critic argued "if the Mormonites could work miracles in proof of their book, they would prove it to be, not a revelation from God, but a delusion of the Devil."[38] In the 20th century, Ed Decker propagated similar claims.

See also

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Notes

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  1. ^ While iron ores such as haematite were mined (rather rarely), they were used as coloring. The metal was not extracted.[15][16]
  1. ^ Duffy 2004, p. 37
  2. ^ Simon G. Southerton. 2004. Losing a Lost Tribe: Native Americans, DNA, and the Mormon Church (Salt Lake City: Signature Books).
  3. ^ Southerton 2004, p. xv. "Anthropologists and archaeologists, including some Mormons and former Mormons, have discovered little to support the existence of [Book of Mormon] civilizations. Over a period of 150 years, as scholars have seriously studied Native American cultures and prehistory, evidence of a Christian civilization in the Americas has eluded the specialists... These [Mesoamerican] cultures lack any trace of Hebrew or Egyptian writing, metallurgy, or the Old World domesticated animals and plants described in the Book of Mormon."
  4. ^ Coe, Michael D. (Summer 1973). "Mormons and Archaeology: An Outside View". Dialogue: A Journal of Mormon Thought. 8 (2): 41–48. doi:10.2307/45224400. JSTOR 45224400. S2CID 254386666.
  5. ^ a b c d Colavito, Jason (20 February 2020). The Mound Builder Myth: Fake History and the Hunt for a "Lost White Race". University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 978-0-8061-6669-8.
  6. ^ a b c Vogel, Dan (2004). Joseph Smith: The Making of a Prophet. Signature Books. ISBN 978-1-56085-179-0.
  7. ^ Coe, Michael (1973). "Mormons and Archaeology: An Outside View". Dialogue: A Journal of Mormon Thought. 8 (2): 41, 42, 46. doi:10.2307/45224400. JSTOR 45224400. S2CID 254386666.
  8. ^ Handbook of North American Indians, pp. 208–18 (Donald K. Grayson, "Late Plestocene Faunal Extinctions") lists horses, elephants and related mammals as extinct
  9. ^ GC.ca Archived July 6, 2011, at the Wayback Machine
  10. ^ Mosiah 7:22.
  11. ^ Weaver, John C. (January 1943), "Barley in the United States: A Historical Sketch", Geographical Review, 33 (1): 56–73, Bibcode:1943GeoRv..33...56W, doi:10.2307/210618, JSTOR 210618
  12. ^ AACCnet.org Archived October 16, 2007, at the Wayback Machine
  13. ^ 1 Nephi 14:7
  14. ^ 1 Nephi 4:9
  15. ^ Choi, Charles Q. (January 30, 2008), "Mining Site Predates Incan Empire", LiveScience
  16. ^ Journal of the Minerals, Metals & Materials Society, December 2007.[full citation needed]
  17. ^ Alma 18:9
  18. ^ https://www.thearchcons.org/bookreviews/the-mound-builder-myth-fake-history-and-the-hunt-for-a-lost-white-race/
  19. ^ "The Mound Builder Myth: Fake History and the Hunt for a 'Lost White Race'". The Archaeological Conservancy.
  20. ^ Introduction, Book of Mormon, LDS Church
  21. ^ Vogel, Dan (2004), Joseph Smith: The Making of a Prophet, Salt Lake City: Signature Books.
  22. ^ Brodie 1971, p. 207; Bushman 2005, pp. 339–40; Hill 1977, p. 216 (noting that Smith characterized the warrant as "mob violence ... under the color of legal process").
  23. ^ "LDS Church History: LDS History, 1838 12 January".
  24. ^ Ritner, Robert K. (2013), The Joseph Smith Egyptian Papyri: A Complete Edition, Signature Books, ISBN 9781560852209.
  25. ^ Peters, Jason Frederick (2003). "The Kinderhook Plates: Examining a Nineteenth-Century Hoax". Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society. 96 (2). Illinois State Historical Society: 130–145. ISSN 1522-1067. JSTOR 40193471.
  26. ^ Jenson, A. Historical Record 6 [May 1887]: 233–34.
  27. ^ Introduction, Book of Mormon, LDS Church (2013)
  28. ^ "Latter Day Saints movement" (PDF). The Pluralism Project. Harvard University. 2020. Retrieved March 11, 2024.
  29. ^ "Book of Mormon and DNA Studies"
  30. ^ "Book of Mormon Translation."
  31. ^ Palmer, Grant H. (2002), An Insider's View of Mormon Origins, Salt Lake City: Signature Books, ISBN 978-1560851578, OCLC 50285328[page needed]
  32. ^ Metcalfe, Brent Lee, ed. (1993), New Approaches to the Book of Mormon: Explorations in Critical Methodology, Salt Lake City: Signature Books, ISBN 978-1560850175, OCLC 25788077[page needed]
  33. ^ See, for example, James E. Faust, "The Keystone of Our Religion," Ensign, January 2004, p. 3.
  34. ^ Larson, Stan (2004). Quest for the gold plates: Thomas Stuart Ferguson's archaeological search for the Book of Mormon. Salt Lake City, UT: Freethinker Press in association with Smith Research Associates. page 68
  35. ^ a b c Larson, Stan (Spring 1990), "The Odyssey of Thomas Stuart Ferguson", Dialogue: A Journal of Mormon Thought: 76, 79
  36. ^ Green, Dee F. (1969). "BOOK OF MORMON ARCHAEOLOGY: THE MYTHS AND THE ALTERNATIVES". Dialogue. 4 (2, Summer): 71–80.
  37. ^ "Written Symposium on Book-of-Mormon Geography: Response of Thomas S. Ferguson to the Norman & Sorenson Papers", p. 29
  38. ^ https://solomonspalding.com/Lib/Pamp1838.htm

References

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