Skip to main page content
U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Dot gov

The .gov means it’s official.
Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

Https

The site is secure.
The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

Access keys NCBI Homepage MyNCBI Homepage Main Content Main Navigation
Meta-Analysis
. 2016 Aug 18;2016(8):CD010342.
doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD010342.pub3.

Interventions to improve hearing aid use in adult auditory rehabilitation

Fiona Barker  1 , Emma Mackenzie, Lynette Elliott, Simon Jones, Simon de Lusignan
Affiliations
Meta-Analysis

Interventions to improve hearing aid use in adult auditory rehabilitation

Fiona Barker et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. .

Abstract

Background: Acquired adult-onset hearing loss is a common long-term condition for which the most common intervention is hearing aid fitting. However, up to 40% of people fitted with a hearing aid either fail to use it or may not gain optimal benefit from it. This is an update of a review first published in The Cochrane Library in 2014.

Objectives: To assess the long-term effectiveness of interventions to promote the use of hearing aids in adults with acquired hearing loss fitted with at least one hearing aid.

Search methods: The Cochrane ENT Information Specialist searched the Cochrane ENT Trials Register; Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL 2016, Issue 5); PubMed; EMBASE; CINAHL; Web of Science; ClinicalTrials.gov; ICTRP and additional sources for published and unpublished trials. The date of the search was 13 June 2016.

Selection criteria: We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) of interventions designed to improve or promote hearing aid use in adults with acquired hearing loss compared with usual care or another intervention. We excluded interventions that compared hearing aid technology. We classified interventions according to the 'chronic care model' (CCM). The primary outcomes were hearing aid use (measured as adherence or daily hours of use) and adverse effects (inappropriate advice or clinical practice, or patient complaints). Secondary patient-reported outcomes included quality of life, hearing handicap, hearing aid benefit and communication. Outcomes were measured over the short (</= 12 weeks), medium (> 12 to < 52 weeks) and long term (one year plus).

Data collection and analysis: We used the standard methodological procedures expected by Cochrane.

Main results: We included 37 studies involving a total of 4129 participants. Risk of bias across the included studies was variable. We judged the GRADE quality of evidence to be very low or low for the primary outcomes where data were available.The majority of participants were over 65 years of age with mild to moderate adult-onset hearing loss. There was a mix of new and experienced hearing aid users. Six of the studies (287 participants) assessed long-term outcomes.All 37 studies tested interventions that could be classified using the CCM as self-management support (ways to help someone to manage their hearing loss and hearing aid(s) better by giving information, practice and experience at listening/communicating or by asking people to practise tasks at home) and/or delivery system design interventions (just changing how the service was delivered). Self-management support interventions We found no studies that investigated the effect of these interventions on adherence, adverse effects or hearing aid benefit. Two studies reported daily hours of hearing aid use but we were unable to combine these in a meta-analysis. There was no evidence of a statistically significant effect on quality of life over the medium term. Self-management support reduced short- to medium-term hearing handicap (two studies, 87 participants; mean difference (MD) -12.80, 95% confidence interval (CI) -23.11 to -2.48 (0 to 100 scale)) and increased the use of verbal communication strategies in the short to medium term (one study, 52 participants; MD 0.72, 95% CI 0.21 to 1.23 (0 to 5 scale)). The clinical significance of these statistical findings is uncertain. It is likely that the outcomes were clinically significant for some, but not all, participants. Our confidence in the quality of this evidence was very low. No self-management support studies reported long-term outcomes. Delivery system design interventionsThese interventions did not significantly affect adherence or daily hours of hearing aid use in the short to medium term, or adverse effects in the long term. We found no studies that investigated the effect of these interventions on quality of life. There was no evidence of a statistically or clinically significant effect on hearing handicap, hearing aid benefit or the use of verbal communication strategies in the short to medium term. Our confidence in the quality of this evidence was low or very low. Long-term outcome measurement was rare. Combined self-management support/delivery system design interventionsOne combined intervention showed evidence of a statistically significant effect on adherence in the short term (one study, 167 participants, risk ratio (RR) 1.06, 95% CI 1.00 to 1.12). However, there was no evidence of a statistically or clinically significant effect on daily hours of hearing aid use over the long term, or the short to medium term. No studies of this type investigated adverse effects. There was no evidence of an effect on quality of life over the long term, or short to medium term. These combined interventions reduced hearing handicap in the short to medium term (15 studies, 728 participants; standardised mean difference (SMD) -0.26, 95% CI -0.48 to -0.04). This represents a small-moderate effect size but there is no evidence of a statistically significant effect over the long term. There was evidence of a statistically, but not clinically, significant effect on long-term hearing aid benefit (two studies, 69 participants, MD 0.30, 95% CI 0.02 to 0.58 (1 to 5 scale)), but no evidence of an effect over the short to medium term. There was evidence of a statistically, but not clinically, significant effect on the use of verbal communication strategies in the short term (four studies, 223 participants, MD 0.45, 95% CI 0.15 to 0.74 (0 to 5 scale)), but not the long term. Our confidence in the quality of this evidence was low or very low.We found no studies that assessed the effect of other CCM interventions (decision support, the clinical information system, community resources or health system changes).

Authors' conclusions: There is some low to very low quality evidence to support the use of self-management support and complex interventions combining self-management support and delivery system design in adult auditory rehabilitation. However, effect sizes are small. The range of interventions that have been tested is relatively limited. Future research should prioritise: long-term outcome assessment; development of a core outcome set for adult auditory rehabilitation; and study designs and outcome measures that are powered to detect incremental effects of rehabilitative healthcare system changes.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

Fiona Barker: none known Emma Mackenzie: none known Lynette Elliott: none known Simon Jones: none known Simon de Lusignan: none known

Figures

1
1
PRISMA diagram showing process for sifting search results and selecting studies for inclusion.
2
2
'Risk of bias' summary: review authors' judgements about each risk of bias item for each included study.
3
3
'Risk of bias' graph: review authors' judgements about each risk of bias item presented as percentages across all included studies.
1.1
1.1. Analysis
Comparison 1 Self‐management support interventions versus control, Outcome 1 Quality of life ‐ short/medium‐term.
1.2
1.2. Analysis
Comparison 1 Self‐management support interventions versus control, Outcome 2 Self‐reported hearing handicap ‐ short/medium‐term.
1.3
1.3. Analysis
Comparison 1 Self‐management support interventions versus control, Outcome 3 Use of verbal communication strategy ‐ short‐term.
2.1
2.1. Analysis
Comparison 2 Delivery system design interventions versus control, Outcome 1 Adherence ‐ short/medium‐term.
2.2
2.2. Analysis
Comparison 2 Delivery system design interventions versus control, Outcome 2 Daily hours of hearing aid use ‐ short/medium‐term.
2.3
2.3. Analysis
Comparison 2 Delivery system design interventions versus control, Outcome 3 Adverse effects ‐ long‐term.
2.4
2.4. Analysis
Comparison 2 Delivery system design interventions versus control, Outcome 4 Self‐reported hearing handicap ‐ short/medium‐term.
2.5
2.5. Analysis
Comparison 2 Delivery system design interventions versus control, Outcome 5 Hearing aid benefit ‐ short/medium‐term.
2.6
2.6. Analysis
Comparison 2 Delivery system design interventions versus control, Outcome 6 Use of verbal communication strategy.
3.1
3.1. Analysis
Comparison 3 Combined SMS/DSD interventions versus control, Outcome 1 Adherence ‐ short/medium‐term.
3.2
3.2. Analysis
Comparison 3 Combined SMS/DSD interventions versus control, Outcome 2 Daily hours of hearing aid use ‐ long‐term.
3.3
3.3. Analysis
Comparison 3 Combined SMS/DSD interventions versus control, Outcome 3 Daily hours of hearing aid use ‐ short/medium‐term ‐ SMS content.
3.4
3.4. Analysis
Comparison 3 Combined SMS/DSD interventions versus control, Outcome 4 Daily hours of hearing aid use ‐ short/medium‐term ‐ DSD format.
3.5
3.5. Analysis
Comparison 3 Combined SMS/DSD interventions versus control, Outcome 5 Daily hours of hearing aid use ‐ short/medium‐term ‐ DSD intensity.
3.6
3.6. Analysis
Comparison 3 Combined SMS/DSD interventions versus control, Outcome 6 Quality of life ‐ long‐term.
3.7
3.7. Analysis
Comparison 3 Combined SMS/DSD interventions versus control, Outcome 7 Quality of life ‐ short/medium‐term ‐ SMS content.
3.8
3.8. Analysis
Comparison 3 Combined SMS/DSD interventions versus control, Outcome 8 Quality of life ‐ short/medium‐term ‐ DSD format.
3.9
3.9. Analysis
Comparison 3 Combined SMS/DSD interventions versus control, Outcome 9 Quality of life ‐ short/medium‐term ‐ DSD intensity.
3.10
3.10. Analysis
Comparison 3 Combined SMS/DSD interventions versus control, Outcome 10 Self‐reported hearing handicap ‐ long‐term.
3.11
3.11. Analysis
Comparison 3 Combined SMS/DSD interventions versus control, Outcome 11 Self‐reported hearing handicap ‐ short/medium‐term ‐ SMS content.
3.12
3.12. Analysis
Comparison 3 Combined SMS/DSD interventions versus control, Outcome 12 Self‐reported hearing handicap ‐ short/medium‐term ‐ DSD format.
3.13
3.13. Analysis
Comparison 3 Combined SMS/DSD interventions versus control, Outcome 13 Self‐reported hearing handicap ‐ short/medium‐term ‐ DSD intensity.
3.14
3.14. Analysis
Comparison 3 Combined SMS/DSD interventions versus control, Outcome 14 Hearing aid benefit ‐ long‐term.
3.15
3.15. Analysis
Comparison 3 Combined SMS/DSD interventions versus control, Outcome 15 Hearing aid benefit ‐ short/medium‐term ‐ SMS content.
3.16
3.16. Analysis
Comparison 3 Combined SMS/DSD interventions versus control, Outcome 16 Hearing aid benefit ‐ short/medium‐term ‐ DSD format.
3.17
3.17. Analysis
Comparison 3 Combined SMS/DSD interventions versus control, Outcome 17 Hearing aid benefit ‐ short/medium‐term ‐ DSD intensity.
3.18
3.18. Analysis
Comparison 3 Combined SMS/DSD interventions versus control, Outcome 18 Use of verbal communication strategy ‐ long‐term.
3.19
3.19. Analysis
Comparison 3 Combined SMS/DSD interventions versus control, Outcome 19 Use of verbal communication strategy ‐ short/medium‐term ‐ SMS content.
3.20
3.20. Analysis
Comparison 3 Combined SMS/DSD interventions versus control, Outcome 20 Use of verbal communication strategy ‐ short/medium‐term ‐ DSD intensity.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

Update of

Similar articles

See all similar articles

Cited by

See all "Cited by" articles

References

References to studies included in this review

Abrams 1992 {published data only}
    1. Abrams HB, Hnath‐Chisolm T, Guerreiro SM, Ritterman SI. The effects of intervention strategy on self‐perception of hearing handicap. Ear and Hearing 1992;13:371‐7. - PubMed
Andersson 1994 {published data only}
    1. Andersson G, Melin L, Scott B, Lindberg P. Behavioral counselling for subjects with acquired hearing loss. A new approach to hearing tactics. Scandinavian Audiology 1994;23(4):249‐56. - PubMed
Andersson 1995 {published data only}
    1. Andersson G, Melin L, Scott B, Lindberg P. A two‐year follow up examination of a behavioural treatment approach to hearing tactics. British Journal of Audiology 1995;29:347‐54. - PubMed
    1. Andersson G, Melin L, Scott B, Lindberg P. An evaluation of a behavioural treatment approach to hearing impairment. Behavioural Research and Therapy 1995;33(3):283‐92. - PubMed
Andersson 1997 {published data only}
    1. Andersson G, Green M, Melin L. Behavioural hearing tactics: a controlled trial of a short treatment programme. Behavioural Research and Therapy 1997;35(6):523‐30. - PubMed
Beynon 1997 {published data only}
    1. Beynon GJ, Thornton FL, Poole C. A randomized, controlled trial of the efficacy of a communication course for first time hearing aid users. British Journal of Audiology 1997;31(5):345‐51. - PubMed
Campos 2013 {published data only}
    1. Campos PD, Ferrari DV. Teleaudiology: evaluation of teleconsultation efficacy for hearing aid fitting. Jornal da Sociedade Brasileira de Fonoaudiologia 2012;24(4):301‐8. - PubMed
Cherry 1994 {published data only}
    1. Cherry R, Rubinstein A. The effect of telephone intervention on success with amplification. Ear and Hearing 1994;15(3):256‐61. - PubMed
    1. Cherry R, Rubinstein A. The long‐term effect of early telephone intervention on hearing aid success. Scandinavian Audiology 1995;24(4):243‐6. - PubMed
Chisolm 2004 {published data only}
    1. Abrams H, Chisolm TH, McArdle R. A cost‐utility analysis of adult group audiologic rehabilitation: are the benefits worth the cost?. Journal of Rehabilitation Research and Development 2002;39:549‐57. - PubMed
    1. Chisolm TH, Abrams HB, McArdle R. Short‐ and long‐term outcomes of adult audiological rehabilitation. Ear and Hearing 2004;25(5):464‐77. - PubMed
Collins 2013 {published data only}
    1. Collins MP, Liu CF, Taylor L, Souza P, Yueh B. Hearing aid effectiveness after aural rehabilitation: individual vs. group (HEARING) trial results. Journal of Rehabilitation Research and Development 2013;50(4):585‐98. - PubMed
    1. Collins MP, Souza PE, Liu CF, Heagerty PJ, Amtmann D, Yueh B. Hearing aid effectiveness after aural rehabilitation ‐ individual versus group (HEARING) trial: RCT design and baseline characteristics. BMC Health Services Research 2009;9:233. - PMC - PubMed
Cunningham 2001 {published data only}
    1. Cunningham DR, Williams KJ, Goldsmith LJ. Effects of providing and withholding postfitting fine‐tuning adjustments on outcome measures in novice hearing aid users: a pilot study. American Journal of Audiology 2001;10:13‐23. - PubMed
Eriksson‐Mangold 1990 {published data only}
    1. Eriksson‐Mangold M, Ringdahl A, Björklund AK, Wåhlin B. The active fitting (AF) programme of hearing aids: a psychological perspective. British Journal of Audiology 1990;24(4):277‐85. - PubMed
Ferguson 2016 {published data only}
    1. Ferguson M, Brandreth M, Brassington W, Leighton P, Wharrad H. A randomised controlled trial to evaluate the benefits of a multimedia educational program for first‐time hearing aid users. Ear and Hearing 2016;37(2):123‐36. - PMC - PubMed
Fitzpatrick 2008 {unpublished data only}
    1. Fitzpatrick D. Effects of Auditory Training on Speech Recognition for Persons within Binaural Sensorineural Hearing Loss [PhD thesis]. New York University, 2008.
Gil 2010 {published data only}
    1. Gil D, Iorio MC. Formal auditory training in adult hearing aid users. Clinics (Sao Paulo) 2010;65:165‐74. - PMC - PubMed
Kemker 2004 {published data only}
    1. Kemker BE, Holmes AE. Analysis of prefitting versus postfitting hearing aid orientation using the Glasgow Hearing Aid Benefit Profile (GHABP). Journal of the American Academy of Audiology 2004;15(4):311‐23. - PubMed
Kramer 2005 {published data only}
    1. Kramer SE, Allessie GH, Dondorp AW, Zekveld AA, Kapteyn TS. A home education program for older adults with hearing impairment and their significant others: a randomized trial evaluating short‐ and long‐term effects. International Journal of Audiology 2005;44(5):255‐64. - PubMed
Kricos 1992 {published data only}
    1. Kricos P, Holmes AE, Doyle D. Efficacy of a communication training program for hearing‐impaired elderly adults. Journal of the Academy of Rehabilitative Audiology 1992;25:69‐80.
Kricos 1996 {published data only}
    1. Kricos PB, Holmes AE. Efficacy of audiologic rehabilitation for older adults. Journal of the American Academy of Audiology 1996;7:219‐29. - PubMed
Lavie 2014 {published data only}
    1. Lavie L, Banai K, Attias J, Karni A. Better together: reduced compliance after sequential versus simultaneous bilateral hearing aids fitting. American Journal of Audiology 2014;23:93‐8. - PubMed
Lundberg 2011 {published data only}
    1. Lundberg M, Andersson G, Lunner T. A randomized, controlled trial of the short‐term effects of complementing an educational program for hearing aid users with telephone consultations. Journal of the American Academy of Audiology 2011;22(10):654‐62. - PubMed
Miranda 2008 {published data only}
    1. Miranda EC, Gil D, Iorio MC. Formal auditory training in elderly hearing aid users. Brazilian Journal of Otorhinolaryngology 2008;74:919‐25. - PMC - PubMed
Oberg 2008 {published data only}
    1. Oberg M. Approaches to Audiological Rehabilitation with Hearing Aids: Studies on Pre‐fitting Strategies and Assessment of Outcomes [PhD dissertation]. Linkoping University, 2008.
    1. Oberg M, Andersson G, Wanstrom G, Lunner T. The effects of a sound awareness pre‐fitting intervention: a randomized controlled trial. Audiological Medicine 2008;6(6):129‐40.
Oberg 2009 {published data only}
    1. Oberg M. Approaches to Audiological Rehabilitation with Hearing Aids: Studies on Pre‐fitting Strategies and Assessment of Outcomes [PhD dissertation]. Linkoping University, 2008.
    1. Oberg M, Andersson G, Wanstrom G, Lunner T. The effects of a pre‐fitting intervention on hearing aid benefit: a randomized controlled trial. Audiological Medicine 2009;7(4):211‐25.
Olson 2013 {published data only}
    1. Olson AD. Auditory training at home for adult hearing aid users. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering. 2015.
    1. Olson AD, Preminger JE, Shinn JB. The effect of LACE DVD training in new and experienced hearing aid users. Journal of the American Academy of Audiology 2013;24(3):214‐30. - PubMed
Preminger 2008 {published data only}
    1. Preminger JE, Ziegler CH. Can auditory and visual speech perception be trained within a group setting?. American Journal of Audiology 2008;17:80‐97. - PMC - PubMed
Preminger 2010 {published data only}
    1. Preminger JE, Meeks S. Evaluation of an audiological rehabilitation program for spouses of people with hearing loss. Journal of the American Academy of Audiology 2010;21(5):315‐28. - PubMed
Preminger 2010a {published data only}
    1. Preminger JE, Yoo JK. Do group audiologic rehabilitation activities influence psychosocial outcomes?. American Journal of Audiology 2010;19(2):109‐25. - PMC - PubMed
Saunders 2009 {published data only}
    1. Saunders GH, Lewis MS, Forsline A. Expectations, prefitting counseling, and hearing aid outcome. Journal of the American Academy of Audiology 2009;20:320‐34. - PubMed
Saunders 2016 {published data only}
    1. Saunders GH, Smith SL, Chisolm TH, Frederick MT, McArdle RA, Wilson RH. A randomized control trial: supplementing hearing aid use with listening and communication enhancement (LACE) auditory training. Ear and Hearing 2016;37(4):381‐96. - PubMed
Smaldino 1988 {published data only}
    1. Smaldino SE, Smaldino JJ. The influence of aural rehabilitation and cognitive style disclosure on the perception of hearing handicap. Journal of the Academy of Rehabilitative Audiology 1988;21:57‐64.
Sweetow 2006 {published data only}
    1. Sweetow RW, Sabes JH. The need for and development of an adaptive Listening and Communication Enhancement (LACE) Program. Journal of the American Academy of Audiology 2006;17(8):538‐58. - PubMed
Thoren 2011 {published data only}
    1. Thoren E, Svensson M, Tornqvist A, Andersson G, Carlbring P, Lunner T. Rehabilitative online education versus internet discussion group for hearing aid users: a randomized controlled trial. Journal of the American Academy of Audiology 2011;22:274‐85. - PubMed
    1. Thoren ES, Oberg M, Andersson G, Lunner T. Internet interventions for hearing loss. American Journal of Audiology 2015;24(3):316‐9. - PubMed
Thoren 2014 {published data only}
    1. Thoren ES, Oberg M, Andersson G, Lunner T. Internet interventions for hearing loss. American Journal of Audiology 2015;24(3):316‐9. - PubMed
    1. Thoren ES, Oberg M, Wanstrom G, Andersson G, Lunner T. A randomized controlled trial evaluating the effects of online rehabilitative intervention for adult hearing‐aid users. International Journal of Audiology 2014;53(7):452‐62. - PubMed
Turbin 2006 {published data only}
    1. Department of Veterans Affairs. Clinical Trial of the "Living Well With Hearing Loss Workshop". http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00323427 2006.
    1. Turbin M. Patient‐centred, single session group AR: how it works and why it does. Conference presentation (obtained from the author).
Vreeken 2015 {published data only}
    1. Vreeken HL, Rens GH, Kramer SE, Knol DL, Nispen RM. Effects of a dual sensory loss protocol on hearing aid outcomes: a randomized controlled trial. Ear and Hearing 2015;36(4):166‐75. - PubMed
Ward 1978 {published data only}
    1. Ward PR, Tudor CA, Gowers JI. Evaluation of follow up services for elderly people prescribed hearing aids: report of a pilot project. British Journal of Audiology 1978;12:127‐34. - PubMed
Ward 1981 {published data only}
    1. Ward PR, Gowers JI. Hearing tactics: the long‐term effects of instruction. British Journal of Audiology 1981;15:261‐2. - PubMed
    1. Ward PR, Gowers JI. Teaching hearing‐aid skills to elderly people: hearing tactics. British Journal of Audiology 1981;15(4):257‐9. - PubMed

References to studies excluded from this review

Aazh 2016 {published data only}
    1. Aazh H. Feasibility of conducting a randomized controlled trial to evaluate the effect of motivational interviewing on hearing‐aid use. International Journal of Audiology 2016;55(3):149‐56. - PubMed
Andersson 1998 {published data only}
    1. Andersson G. Decreased use of hearing aids following training in hearing tactics. Perceptual and Motor Skills 1998;87(2):703‐6. - PubMed
Bevilacqua 2013 {published data only (unpublished sought but not used)}
    1. Bevilacqua MC, Costa Filho OA, Castiquini EA, Zambonatto TC, Morettin M, Moret AL, et al. Hearing aid fitting at SUS (Brazilian Public Health Care System) compared with a compact fitting model. Brazilian Journal of Otorhinolaryngology 2013;79(3):276‐84. - PMC - PubMed
Boymans 2012 {published data only}
    1. Boymans M, Dreschler WA. Audiologist‐driven versus patient‐driven fine tuning of hearing instruments. Trends in Amplification 2012;16:49‐58. - PMC - PubMed
Cardemil 2014 {published data only}
    1. Cardemil F, Barria T, Aguayo L, Esquivel P, Rahal M, Fuente A, et al. Assessment of the active communication education program for audiological rehabilitation in patients with hearing loss users of hearing aids. Rev Otorrhinolaryngol Cir Cabeza Cuello 2014;74:93‐100.
Hallberg 1994 {published data only}
    1. Hallberg LR, Barrenas ML. Group rehabilitation of middle‐aged males with noise‐induced hearing loss and their spouses: evaluation of short‐ and long‐term effects. British Journal of Audiology 1994;28:71‐9. - PubMed
Hennig 2012 {published data only}
    1. Hennig TR, Costa MJ, Rossi AG, Moraes AB. Auditory rehabilitation effects on the temporal ordering ability in elderly hearing aids users. Jornal da Sociedade Brasileira de Fonoaudiologia 2012;24:26‐33. - PubMed
Hickson 2007 {published data only}
    1. Hickson L, Worrall L, Scarinci N. A randomized controlled trial evaluating the active communication education program for older people with hearing impairment. Ear and Hearing 2007;28(2):212‐30. - PubMed
Kuk 2014 {published data only}
    1. Kuk F, Keenan DM, Lau C, Crose B, Schumacher J. Evaluation of a localization training program for hearing impaired listeners. Ear and Hearing 2014;35:652‐66. - PubMed
Lavie 2013 {published data only}
    1. Lavie L, Attias J, Karni A. Semi‐structured listening experience (listening training) in hearing aid fitting: influence on dichotic listening. American Journal of Audiology 2013;22:347‐50. - PubMed
Montgomery 1984 {published data only}
    1. Montgomery AA, Walden BE, Schwartz DM, Prosek RA. Training auditory‐visual speech reception in adults with moderate sensorineural hearing loss. Ear and Hearing 1984;5(1):30‐6. - PubMed
Norman 1994 {published data only}
    1. Norman M, George CR, McCarthy D. The effect of pre‐fitting counselling on the outcome of hearing aid fittings. Scandinavian Audiology 1994;23:257‐63. - PubMed
Preminger 2003 {published data only}
    1. Preminger JE. Should significant others be encouraged to join adult group audiologic rehabilitation classes?. Journal of the American Academy of Audiology 2003;14:545‐55. - PubMed
Reber 2005 {published data only}
    1. Reber MB, Kompis M. Acclimatization in first‐time hearing aid users using three different fitting protocols. Auris Nasus Larynx 2005;32:345‐51. - PubMed
Ruschel 2007 {published data only}
    1. Ruschel CV, Carvalho CR de, Guarinello AC. The efficiency of an auditory rehabilitation program in elderly people with presbycusis and their family [A eficiência de um programa de reabilitação audiológica em idosos com presbiacusia e seus familiares]. Revista da Sociedade Brasileira de Fonoaudiologia 2007;12(2):95‐8.
Stecker 2006 {published data only}
    1. Stecker GC, Bowman GA, Yund EW, Herron TJ, Roup CM, Woods DL. Perceptual training improves syllable identification in new and experienced hearing aid users. Journal of Rehabilitation Research and Development 2006;43(4):537‐52. - PubMed
Walden 1981 {published data only}
    1. Walden BE, Erdman SA, Montgomery AA, Schwartz DM, Prosek RA. Some effects of training on speech recognition by hearing‐impaired adults. Journal of Speech and Hearing Research 1981;24(2):207‐16. - PubMed
Yueh 2010 {published data only}
    1. Liu CF, Collins MP, Souza PE, Yueh B. Long‐term cost‐effectiveness of screening strategies for hearing loss. Journal of Rehabilitation Research and Development 2011;48(3):235‐43. - PubMed
    1. Yueh B. Audiology visits after screening for hearing loss. Department of Veterans Affairs 2005.
    1. Yueh B, Collins MP, Souza PE, Boyko EJ, Loovis CF, Heagerty PJ, et al. Long‐term effectiveness of screening for hearing loss: the screening for auditory impairment‐‐which hearing assessment test (SAI‐WHAT) randomized trial. Journal of American Geriatric Society 2010;58(3):427‐34. - PubMed
    1. Yueh B, Collins MP, Souza PE, Heagerty PJ, Liu CF, Boyko EJ, et al. Screening for auditory impairment‐which hearing assessment test (SAI‐WHAT): RCT design and baseline characteristics. Contemporary Clinical Trials 2007;28(3):303‐15. - PubMed

References to studies awaiting assessment

Henshaw 2013 {published data only}
    1. Henshaw H, Ferguson MA. Working memory training for adult hearing aid users: study protocol for a double‐blind randomized active controlled trial. Trials 2013;14:417. - PMC - PubMed
Malmberg 2015 {published data only}
    1. Malmberg M, Lunner T, Kahari K, Jansson G, Andersson G. Implementing internet‐based aural rehabilitation in a general clinical practice. American Journal of Audiology 2015;24:325‐8. - PubMed

References to ongoing studies

ISRCTN77340339 {published data only}
    1. Pronk M. A study on the effectiveness of a support programme (SUPR) for adult hearing aid users. http://www.isrctn.com/ISRCTN77340339. - PMC - PubMed
NCT02233361 {published data only}
    1. Solheim J. Use of hearing aids. Development and implementation of a counselling program for hearing aid users. http://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT02233361.
NCT02264314 {published data only}
    1. Cardemil F. Tele‐educative program to improve adherence to the use of hearing aids in patients with hearing loss. http://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT02264314.

Additional references

Alpiner 1978
    1. Alpiner JG, Chevrette W, Glascoe G, Metz M, Olsen B. The Denver scale of communication function. In: Alpiner J editor(s). Adult Rehabilitative Audiology. Baltimore MD: Williams & Wilkins, 1978:53‐6.
Altman 1996
    1. Altman DJ, Bland JM. Detecting skewness from summary information. BMJ 1996;313(7066):1200. - PMC - PubMed
Andersson 1995a
    1. Andersson G, Melin L, Lindberg P, Scott B. Development of a short scale for self‐assessment of experiences of hearing loss: the hearing coping assessment. Scandinavian Audiology 1995;24(3):147‐54. - PubMed
Arlinger 2003
    1. Arlinger S. Negative consequences of uncorrected hearing loss: a review. International Journal of Audiology 2003;42(Suppl 2):17‐20. - PubMed
Bainbridge 2014
    1. Bainbridge KE, Wallhagen MI. Hearing loss in an aging American population: extent, impact, and management. Annual Review of Public Health 2014;35:139‐52. - PubMed
Barker 2015
    1. Barker F, Munro KJ, Lusignan S. Supporting living well with hearing loss: a Delphi review of self‐management support. International Journal of Audiology 2015;54(10):691‐9. - PubMed
Barlow 2002
    1. Barlow J, Wright C, Sheasby J, Turner A, Hainsworth J. Self‐management approaches for people with chronic conditions: a review. Patient Education and Counseling 2002;48:177‐87. - PubMed
Bodenheimer 2002
    1. Bodenheimer T, Wagner EH, Grumbach K. Improving primary care for patients with chronic illness. JAMA 2002;288(14):1775‐9. [PUBMED: 12365965] - PubMed
Boissel 1999
    1. Boissel JP, Cucherat M, Li W, Chatellier G, Gueyffier F, Buyse M, et al. The problem of therapeutic efficacy indices. 3. Comparison of the indices and their use [Apercu sur la problematique des indices d'efficacite therapeutique, 3: comparaison des indices et utilisation. Groupe d'Etude des Indices D'efficacite]. Therapie 1999;54(4):405‐11. - PubMed
Borg 2015
    1. Borg J, Ostergren PO. Users' perspectives on the provision of assistive technologies in Bangladesh: awareness, providers, costs and barriers. Disability & Rehabilitation: Assistive Technology 2015;10(4):301‐8. - PubMed
Brooks 1985
    1. Brooks DN. Factors relating to the under‐use of postaural hearing aids. British Journal of Audiology 1985;19(3):211‐7. [PUBMED: 4063557] - PubMed
Brooks 2001
    1. Brooks DN, Hallam RS, Mellor PA. The effects on significant others of providing a hearing aid to the hearing‐impaired partner. British Journal of Audiology 2001;35(3):165‐71. - PubMed
Chisolm 2007
    1. Chisolm TH, Johnson CE, Danhauer JL, Portz LJ, Abrams HB, Lesner S, et al. A systematic review of health‐related quality of life and hearing aids: final report of the American Academy of Audiology Task Force on the Health‐Related Quality of Life Benefits of Amplification in Adults. Journal of the American Academy of Audiology 2007;18(2):151‐83. [PUBMED: 17402301] - PubMed
Chisolm 2011
    1. Chisolm T, Arnold M. Evidence about the effectiveness of aural rehabilitation programs for adults. In: Wong L, Hickson L editor(s). Evidence‐based Practice in Audiology. Plural Publishing, 2011:237‐66.
Cohen 1988
    1. Cohen J. Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioural Sciences. 2nd Edition. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum, 1988.
CONSORT 2010
    1. CONSORT (Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials). http://www.consort‐statement.org/home 2010. - PubMed
Costa 1992
    1. Costa PT, McCrae RR. Professional manual: revised NEO personality inventory (NEO‐PI‐R) and NEO five‐factor inventory (NEO‐FFI). Psychological Assessment Resources 1992.
Cox 1995
    1. Cox RM, Alexander GC. The abbreviated profile of hearing aid benefit. Ear and Hearing 1995;16(2):176‐86. - PubMed
Cox 1998
    1. Cox RM, Alexander GC, Gilmore C, Pusakulich KM. Use of Connected Speech Test (CST) with hearing impaired listeners. Ear and Hearing 1998;9:198‐207. - PubMed
Cox 1999
    1. Cox RM, Alexander GC. Measuring satisfaction with amplification in daily life: the SADL scale. Ear and Hearing 1999;20(4):306‐20. - PubMed
Cox 2000
    1. Cox R, Alexander GC. Expectations about hearing aids and their relationship to fitting outcome. Journal of the American Academy of Audiology 2000;11:368‐82. - PubMed
Cox 2002
    1. Cox RM, Alexander CG. The International Outcome Inventory for Hearing Aids (IOI‐HA): psychometric properties of the English version. International Journal of Audiology 2002;41(1):30‐5. - PubMed
Cox 2014
    1. Cox RM, Johnson JA, Xu J. Impact of advanced hearing aid technology on speech understanding for older listeners with mild to moderate, adult‐onset, sensorineural hearing loss. Gerontology 2014;60:557‐68. - PMC - PubMed
Davis 2007
    1. Davis A, Smith P, Ferguson M, Stephens D, Gianopoulos I. Acceptability, benefit and costs of early screening for hearing disability: a study of potential screening tests and models. Health Technology Assessment 2007;11(42):1‐294. - PubMed
Dawes 2013
    1. Dawes P, Hopkins R, Munro KJ. Placebo effects in hearing‐aid trials are reliable. International Journal of Audiology 2013;52:472‐7. - PubMed
Day 2002
    1. Day H, Jutai J, Campbell K. Development of a scale to measure the psychosocial impact of assistive devices: lessons learned and the road ahead. Disability and Rehabilitation 2002;24(1‐3):31‐7. - PubMed
Deeks 2000
    1. Deeks J. Issues in the selection for meta‐analyses of binary data. Proceedings of the 8th International Cochrane Colloquium 2000 Oct 25‐28. Cape Town: The Cochrane Collaboration, 2000.
Demorest 1987
    1. Demorest ME, Erdman SA. Development of the communication profile for the hearing impaired. Journal of Speech and Hearing Disorders 1987;52(2):129‐43. - PubMed
Demorest 1988
    1. Demorest ME, Erdman SA. Retest stability of the communication profile for the hearing impaired. Ear and Hearing 1988;9(5):237‐42. - PubMed
Desjardins 2009
    1. Desjardins JL, Doherty KA. Do experienced hearing aid users know how to use their hearing aids correctly?. American Journal of Audiology 2009;18(1):69‐76. - PubMed
DH 2007
    1. Research evidence on the effectiveness of self care support. Department of Health, London 2007.
Dillon 1997
    1. Dillon H, James A, Ginis J. Client Orientated Scale of Improvement (COSI) and its relationship to several others measures of satisfaction and benefit provided by hearing aids. Journal of the American Academy of Audiology 1997;8:27‐43. - PubMed
Divine 1992
    1. Divine GW, Brown JT, Frazier LM. The unit of analysis error in studies about physicians' patient care behavior. Journal of General Internal Medicine 1992;7(6):623‐9. [PUBMED: 1453246] - PubMed
Dubno 1981
    1. Dubno JR, Levitt H. Predicting consonant confusions from acoustic analysis. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 1981;69:249‐61. - PubMed
Egger 1997
    1. Egger M, Smith GD, Schneider M, Minder C. Bias in meta‐analysis detected by a simple, graphical test. BMJ 1997;315(7109):629‐34. - PMC - PubMed
EuroQol 1990
    1. The EuroQol Group. EuroQol‐a new facility for the measurement of health‐related quality of life. Health Policy 1990;16(3):199‐208. - PubMed
Ferguson 2015
    1. Ferguson M, Brandreth M, Brassington W, Wharrad H. Information retention and overload in first time hearing aid users: an interactive multi‐media educational solution. American Journal of Audiology 2015;24:329‐32. - PubMed
Folkman 1988
    1. Folkman S, Lazarus RS. Ways of Coping Questionnaire. Consulting Psychologists Press, 1988.
Gatehouse 1999
    1. Gatehouse S. A self‐report outcome measure for the evaluation of hearing aid fittings and services. Health Bulletin 1999;57(6):424‐36. - PubMed
Gatehouse 2004
    1. Gatehouse S, Noble W. Speech, spatial and qualities of hearing scale (SSQ). International Journal of Audiology 2004;43:85‐99. - PMC - PubMed
Gimsing 2008
    1. Gimsing S. Use of hearing aids five years after issue [Brug af horeapparater fem ar efter tildelingen]. Ugeskrift for Laeger 2008;170(43):3407‐11. [PUBMED: 18976596] - PubMed
Giolas 1979
    1. Giolas TG, Owens E, Lamb SH, Schubert ED. Hearing performance inventory. Journal of Speech and Hearing Disorders 1979;44(2):169‐95. - PubMed
Glasgow 2003
    1. Glasgow RE, Davis CL, Funnell MM, Beck A. Implementing practical interventions to support chronic illness self‐management. Joint Commission Journal on Quality and Safety 2003;29(11):563‐74. - PubMed
Granberg 2014
    1. Granberg S, Pronk M, Swanepoel DW, Kramer SE, Hagsten H, Hjaldahl J, et al. The ICF core sets for hearing loss project: functioning and disability from the patient perspective. International Journal of Audiology 2014;53:777‐86. - PubMed
Grenness 2014
    1. Grenness C, Hickson L, Laplante‐Lévesque A, Davidson B. Patient‐centred care: a review for rehabilitative audiologists. International Journal of Audiology 2014;53 Suppl 1:S68‐75. - PubMed
Hallberg 1993
    1. Hallberg LR, Barrenas ML. Living with a male with noise‐induced hearing loss: experiences from the perspective of spouses. British Journal of Audiology 1993;27(4):255‐61. - PubMed
Hanratty 2000
    1. Hanratty B, Lawlor DA. Effective management of the elderly hearing impaired: a review. Journal of Public Health Medicine 2000;22(4):512‐7. - PubMed
Hawkins 2005
    1. Hawkins DB. Effectiveness of counseling‐based adult group aural rehabilitation programs: a systematic review of the evidence. Journal of the American Academy of Audiology 2005;16:485‐93. - PubMed
Henshaw 2013
    1. Henshaw H, Ferguson M. Efficacy of individual computer‐based auditory training for people with hearing loss: a systematic review of the evidence. PLoS One 2013;8(5):e62836. - PMC - PubMed
Hibbard 2005
    1. Hibbard JH, Mahoney ER, Stockard J, Tusler M. Development and testing of a short form of the patient activation measure. 2005 Health Services Research;40:1918‐39. - PMC - PubMed
Higgins 2011
    1. Higgins JPT, Green S (editors). Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions Version 5.1.0 [updated March 2011]. The Cochrane Collaboration, 2011. Available from www.cochrane‐handbook.org.
Hougaard 2011
    1. Hougaard S, Ruf S. EuroTrak I: A consumer survey about hearing aids in Germany, France and the UK. Hearing Review 2011;18(2):12‐28.
Humes 2011
    1. Humes LE, Krull V. Hearing aids for adults. In: Wong L, Hickson L editor(s). Evidence‐based Practice in Audiology. Plural Publishing, 2011:61‐91.
Jakes 1986
    1. Jakes SC, Hallam RS, Rachman S, Hinchcliffe R. The effects of reassurance, relaxation training and distraction on chronic tinnitus sufferers. Behaviour Research and Therapy 1986;24:497‐507. - PubMed
Johnston 2013
    1. Johnston BC, Patrick DL, Busse JW, Schunemann HJ, Agarwal A, Guyatt GH. Patient‐reported outcomes in meta‐analyses ‐ part 1: Assessing risk of bias and combining outcomes. Health and Quality of Life Outcomes 2013;11:109. - PMC - PubMed
Kaplan 1997
    1. Kaplan H, Bally S, Brandt F, Busacco D, Pray J. Communication scale for older adults (CSOA). Journal of the American Academy of Audiology 1997;8(3):203‐17. - PubMed
Kochkin 2009
    1. Kochkin S. MarkeTrak VIII: 25‐year trends in the hearing health market. Hearing Review 2009;16(11):12‐31.
Kreindler 2009
    1. Kreindler SA. Lifting the burden of chronic disease: What has worked? What hasn't? What's next?. Healthcare Quarterly 2009;12(2):30‐40. - PubMed
Laplante‐Levesque 2012
    1. Laplante‐Levesque A, Hickson L, Worrall L. Comparing response options for the international inventory for hearing aids (IOI‐HA) and for alternative interventions (IOI‐AI) daily‐use items. International Journal of Audiology 2012;51:788‐91. - PubMed
Lawton 1992
    1. Lawton MP, Kleban MH, Rajagopal D, Parmelee PA. The factorial generality of brief positive and negative affect measures. Journal of Gerontology 1992;47:228‐37. - PubMed
Lin 2011
    1. Lin FR, Metter EJ, O'Brien RJ, Resnick SM, Zonderman AB, Ferrucci L. Hearing loss and incident dementia. Archives of Neurology 2011;68(2):214‐20. - PMC - PubMed
Lorig 2003
    1. Lorig KR, Holman HR. Self‐management education: history, definition, outcomes, and mechanisms. Annals of Behavioural Medicine 2003;26:1‐7. - PubMed
Lupsakko 2005
    1. Lupsakko TA, Kautiainen HJ, Sulkava R. The non‐use of hearing aids in people aged 75 years and over in the city of Kuopio in Finland. European Archives of Oto‐Rhino‐Laryngology 2005;262(3):165‐9. [PUBMED: 15133689] - PubMed
Michie 2013
    1. Michie S, Richardson M, Johnston M, Abraham C, Francis J, Hardeman W, et al. The behavior change technique taxonomy (v1) of 93 hierarchically clustered techniques: building an international consensus for the reporting of behavior change interventions. Annals of Behavioural Medicine 2013;46(1):81‐95. - PubMed
Mulrow 1992
    1. Mulrow CD, Tuley MR, Aquilar C. Sustained benefits of hearing aids. Journal of Speech and Hearing Research 1992;35(6):1402‐5. - PubMed
National Council on Aging 2000
    1. National Council on Aging. The consequences of untreated hearing loss in older persons. Head and Neck Nursing 2000; Vol. 18, issue 1. - PubMed
Navran 1967
    1. Navran L. Communication and adjustment in marriage. Family Process 1967;6:173‐84.
NHS 2006
    1. Improving care for people with long term conditions: a review of UK and international frameworks. NHS Institute for Innovation and Improvement, London 2006.
Noble 1970
    1. Noble WG, Atherley GRC. The hearing measurement scale: a questionnaire for the assessment of auditory disability. Journal of Auditory Research 1970;10:229‐50.
Owens 1977
    1. Owens E, Schubert ED. The development of the California Consonant Test. Journal of Speech and Hearing Research 1977;20:463‐74. - PubMed
Pearson 2007
    1. Pearson ML, Mattke S, Shaw R, Ridgely MS, Wiseman SH. Patient Self‐Management Support Programs: an evaluation. Final contract report (prepared by RAND Health under contract no. 282‐00‐0005). Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality 2007.
Perez 2012
    1. Perez E, Edmonds BA. A systematic review of studies measuring and reporting hearing aid usage in older adults since 1999: a descriptive summary of measurement tools. PloS One 2012;7(3):e31831. - PMC - PubMed
RevMan 2014 [Computer program]
    1. The Nordic Cochrane Centre, The Cochrane Collaboration. Review Manager (RevMan). Version 5.3. Copenhagen: The Nordic Cochrane Centre, The Cochrane Collaboration, 2014.
Saito 2010
    1. Saito H, Nishiwaki Y, Michikawa T, Kikuchi Y, Mizutari K, Takebayashi T, et al. Hearing handicap predicts the development of depressive symptoms after 3 years in older community‐dwelling Japanese. Journal of American Geriatrics Society 2010;58(1):93‐7. - PubMed
Schow 1980
    1. Schow RL, Nerbonne MA. Hearing handicap and Denver scales: applications, categories and interpretation. Journal of Academy of Rehabilitative Audiology 1980;13:66‐77.
Smeeth 2002
    1. Smeeth L, Fletcher AE, Ng ES, Stirling S, Nunes M, Breeze E, et al. Reduced hearing, ownership, and use of hearing aids in elderly people in the UK‐‐the MRC Trial of the Assessment and Management of Older People in the Community: a cross‐sectional survey. Lancet 2002;359(9316):1466‐70. [PUBMED: 11988245] - PubMed
Smith 2009
    1. Smith SL, Noe CM, Alexander GC. Evaluation of the international outcome inventory for hearing aids in a veteran sample. Journal of the American Academy of Audiology 2009;20(6):374‐80. - PubMed
Sorri 1984
    1. Sorri M, Luotonen M, Laitakari K. Use and non‐use of hearing aids. British Journal of Audiology 1984;18(3):169‐72. [PUBMED: 6487851] - PubMed
Swan 2012
    1. Swan IRC, Guy FH, Akeroyd MA. Health‐related quality of life before and after management in adults referred to otolaryngology: a prospective national study. Clinical Otolaryngology 2012;37:35‐43. - PMC - PubMed
Sweetow 2005
    1. Sweetow R, Palmer CV. Efficacy of individual auditory training in adults: a systematic review of the evidence. Journal of the American Academy of Audiology 2005;16:494‐504. - PubMed
Thodi 2013
    1. Thodi C, Parazzini M, Kramer SE, Davis A, Stenfelt S, Janssen T, et al. Adult hearing screening: follow‐up and outcomes. American Journal of Audiology 2013;22:183‐5. - PubMed
Tillman 1966
    1. Tillman TW, Carhart R. An expanded test for speech discrimination utilizing CNC monosyllable words. Northwestern University Auditory Test No. 6 (Technical Report, SAM‐TR‐66‐55). USAF School of Aerospace Medicine 1966. - PubMed
Tsai 2005
    1. Tsai AC, Morton SC, Mangione CM, Keeler EB. A meta‐analysis of interventions to improve care for chronic illnesses. American Journal of Managed Care 2005;11(8):478‐88. - PMC - PubMed
Ventry 1982
    1. Ventry IM, Weinstein BE. The hearing handicap inventory for the elderly: a new tool. Ear and Hearing 1982;3(3):128‐34. - PubMed
Vuorialho 2006
    1. Vuorialho A, Sorri M, Nuojua I, Muhli A. Changes in hearing aid use over the past 20 years. European Archives of Oto‐Rhino‐Laryngology 2006;263(4):355‐60. [PUBMED: 16283199] - PubMed
Ware 1992
    1. Ware JE, Sherbourne CD. The MOS 36‐item short‐form health survey (SF‐36): I. Conceptual framework and item selection. Medical Care 1992;30:473‐81. - PubMed
Ware 1998
    1. Ware JE, Kosinski M, Keller SD. How to Score the SF‐12 Physical and Mental Health Summary Scales. 2nd Edition. Boston, MA: The Health Institute, New England Medical Center, 1998.
Weinstein 1986
    1. Weinstein BE, Spitzer JB, Ventry IM. Test‐retest reliability of the hearing handicap inventory for the elderly. Ear and Hearing 1986;7:295‐9. - PubMed
Whitlock 2002
    1. Whitlock EP, Orleans CT, Pender N, Allan J. Evaluating primary care behavioural counseling interventions: an evidence‐based approach. American Journal of Preventative Medicine 2002;22(4):267‐84. - PubMed
WHO 2000
    1. Mathers C, Smith A, Concha M. Global burden of hearing loss in the year 2000. World Health Organization 2000.
WHO 2001
    1. World Health Organization. International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF). Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization, 2001.
WHO 2002
    1. World Health Organization. Innovative Care for Chronic Conditions: Building Blocks for Action. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization, 2002.
WHO 2003
    1. World Health Organization. Adherence to Long‐term Therapies: Evidence for Action. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization, 2003.
WHO 2011
    1. World Health Organization. Global Aging and Health. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization, 2011.
WHO 2012
    1. World Health Organization. Facts about deafness. http://www.who.int/pbd/deafness/facts/en/ (accessed 18 December 2012).
Yueh 2005
    1. Yueh B, McDowell JA, Collins MP, Souza PE, Loovis CF, Deyo RA. Development and validation of the effectiveness of auditory rehabilitation (EAR) scales. Archives of Otolaryngology ‐‐ Head and Neck Surgery 2005;131:851‐6. - PubMed
Zigmond 1983
    1. Zigmond AS, Snaith RP. The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 1983;67:361‐70. - PubMed

References to other published versions of this review

Barker 2013
    1. Barker F, Mackenzie E, Elliott L, Jones S, Lusignan S. Interventions to improve hearing aid use in adult auditory rehabilitation. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2013, Issue 2. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD010342] - DOI
Barker 2014
    1. Barker F, Mackenzie E, Elliott L, Jones S, Lusignan S. Interventions to improve hearing aid use in adult auditory rehabilitation. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2014, Issue 7. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD010342.pub2] - DOI - PubMed

Publication types