UPPER GASTRO INTESTINAL DISORDER.docx

UPPER GASTROINTESTINAL DISORDER
Upper Gastrointestinal Disorders-
The upper gastrointestinal (GI) tract, comprising the esophagus, stomach, and
duodenum, plays a vital role in digestion and nutrient absorption. Upper GI
disorders refer to conditions that affect these organs, leading to various
symptoms and complications.
Importance of Upper GI Health
The upper GI tract is essential for:
1. Food digestion: Breaking down food into smaller molecules.
2. Nutrient absorption: Absorbing essential nutrients.
3. Maintaining overall health: Supporting overall well-being.
Common Upper GI Disorders-
These disorders can significantly impact quality of life and may lead to
complications if left untreated. Common conditions include:
PAROTITIS
Parotitis is inflammation of the
parotid gland, which is one of the
salivary glands located on either
side of the face, below and in front
of the ears.
The condition can be caused by various factors, including:
Causes
 Infections: Bacterial or viral infections, such as mumps, can cause
parotitis.
 Blockage: Blockage of the parotid duct, which carries saliva from the
gland to the mouth, can lead to inflammation.
 Autoimmune disorders: Certain autoimmune disorders, such as Sjögren's
syndrome, can cause parotitis.
 Dehydration: Dehydration can cause a decrease in saliva production,
leading to inflammation.
Symptoms

 Swelling: Swelling of the parotid gland, which can be painful.
 Pain: Pain in the area of the parotid gland, which can radiate to the ear
or face.
 Fever: Fever can occur if the parotitis is caused by an infection.
 Dry mouth: Decreased saliva production can lead to dry mouth.
Treatment
 Antibiotics: Antibiotics may be prescribed if the parotitis is caused by a
bacterial infection.
 Pain management: Pain relief medications, such as acetaminophen or
ibuprofen, can help manage pain and discomfort.
 Hydration: Staying hydrated can help promote saliva production and
reduce inflammation.
 Surgery: In some cases, surgery may be necessary to remove blockages
or stones in the parotid duct.
Complications
 Abscess formation: If left untreated, parotitis can lead to abscess
formation, which may require surgical drainage.
 Chronic inflammation: Recurrent or chronic parotitis can lead to
permanent damage to the parotid gland.
STOMATITIS
Stomatitis is inflammation of the mucous membranes in the mouth, which can
cause discomfort, pain, and difficulty eating or drinking. There are several types
of stomatitis, including:

Types
 Aphthous stomatitis: Also known as canker sores, this type is
characterized by small, painful ulcers in the mouth.
 Herpetic stomatitis: Caused by the herpes simplex virus, this type can
cause painful blisters or ulcers in the mouth.
 Denture stomatitis: Caused by irritation from dentures, this type can
cause inflammation and discomfort in the mouth.


Causes
 Infections: Bacterial, viral, or fungal infections can cause stomatitis.
 Irritation: Irritation from dentures, sharp teeth, or other oral appliances
can cause stomatitis.
 Allergic reactions: Allergic reactions to certain foods, medications, or
substances can cause stomatitis.
 Nutritional deficiencies: Deficiencies in vitamins or minerals, such as
vitamin B12 or iron, can contribute to stomatitis.
Symptoms
 Pain: Pain or discomfort in the mouth, which can make eating or drinking
difficult.
 Inflammation: Inflammation of the mucous membranes in the mouth,
which can cause redness and swelling.
 Ulcers: Ulcers or blisters in the mouth, which can be painful.
 Difficulty eating or drinking: Stomatitis can make it difficult to eat or
drink, especially if the ulcers or inflammation are severe.
Treatment
 Topical anesthetics: Topical anesthetics, such as lidocaine or benzocaine,
can help numb the pain.

 Antihistamines: Antihistamines can help reduce inflammation and
itching.
 Antibiotics: Antibiotics may be prescribed if the stomatitis is caused by a
bacterial infection.
 Good oral hygiene: Practicing good oral hygiene, such as brushing and
flossing regularly, can help prevent stomatitis.
Prevention
 Good oral hygiene: Practicing good oral hygiene can help prevent
stomatitis.
 Avoiding irritants: Avoiding irritants, such as spicy or acidic foods, can
help prevent stomatitis.
 Staying hydrated: Staying hydrated can help keep the mucous
membranes in the mouth healthy.
GLOSSITIS
Glossitis is inflammation of the
tongue, which can cause discomfort,
pain, and changes in the appearance
of the tongue.
There are several types of glossitis, including:
Types
 Acute glossitis: Sudden onset of inflammation, often caused by infection
or injury.
 Chronic glossitis: Long-term inflammation, often caused by nutritional
deficiencies or allergies.
 Atrophic glossitis: Inflammation that causes the tongue to become
smooth and shiny.
Causes
 Infections: Bacterial or viral infections can cause glossitis.
 Nutritional deficiencies: Deficiencies in vitamins or minerals, such as
vitamin B12 or iron, can contribute to glossitis.

 Allergies: Allergic reactions to certain foods or substances can cause
glossitis.
 Irritation: Irritation from spicy or acidic foods, or from dental appliances,
can cause glossitis.
Symptoms
 Pain: Pain or discomfort on the tongue, which can make eating or
speaking difficult.
 Inflammation: Inflammation of the tongue, which can cause redness and
swelling.
 Changes in appearance: The tongue may become smooth, shiny, or
develop lesions.
 Difficulty eating or speaking: Glossitis can make it difficult to eat or
speak, especially if the inflammation is severe.
Treatment
 Addressing underlying causes: Treating the underlying cause of glossitis,
such as nutritional deficiencies or allergies.
 Topical anesthetics: Topical anesthetics, such as lidocaine or benzocaine,
can help numb the pain.
 Anti-inflammatory medications: Anti-inflammatory medications, such as
corticosteroids, can help reduce inflammation.
 Good oral hygiene: Practicing good oral hygiene, such as brushing and
flossing regularly, can help prevent glossitis.
Prevention
 Good oral hygiene: Practicing good oral hygiene can help prevent
glossitis.
 Balanced diet: Eating a balanced diet that includes essential nutrients
can help prevent glossitis.
 Avoiding irritants: Avoiding irritants, such as spicy or acidic foods, can
help prevent glossitis.
GINGIVITIS
Gingivitis is inflammation of the
gums (gingiva) that surround the
teeth. It's a common condition that

can cause redness, swelling, and
bleeding of the gums.
Causes
 Poor oral hygiene: Inadequate brushing and flossing can lead to plaque
buildup.
 Plaque: A sticky film of bacteria that forms on teeth.
 Hormonal changes: Hormonal fluctuations during pregnancy or
menopause.
 Medications: Certain medications can increase risk.
Symptoms
 Red, swollen gums: Gums may appear red, swollen, and shiny.
 Bleeding: Gums may bleed during brushing or flossing.
 Bad breath: Persistent bad breath.
 Tender gums: Gums may be sensitive to touch.
Treatment
 Professional cleaning: Deep cleaning by a dentist or hygienist.
 Improved oral hygiene: Regular brushing and flossing.
 Antimicrobial mouthwash: Using mouthwash to reduce bacteria.
 Regular dental check-ups: Regular check-ups to monitor and maintain
oral health.
Prevention
 Regular brushing and flossing: Maintain good oral hygiene habits.
 Regular dental check-ups: Schedule regular check-ups.
 Healthy diet: Eat a balanced diet.
 Avoid smoking: Smoking can increase risk.

PYORRHEA
Pyorrhoea, also known as
periodontitis, is a bacterial infection
of the gums and bone that support
the teeth. It's a serious condition
that can lead to tooth loss if left
untreated.
Causes
 Bacterial infection: Bacteria in plaque and tartar cause inflammation.
 Poor oral hygiene: Inadequate brushing and flossing.
 Smoking: Smoking increases risk.
 Genetics: Family history can play a role.
Symptoms
 Bleeding gums: Gums bleed during brushing or flossing.
 Bad breath: Persistent bad breath.
 Loose teeth: Teeth become loose due to bone loss.
 Gum recession: Gums pull away from teeth.
Treatment
 Deep cleaning: Scaling and root planing to remove plaque and tartar.
 Antibiotics: May be prescribed to control infection.
 Surgery: May be necessary to repair damaged gum tissue.
 Regular maintenance: Regular dental cleanings and check-ups.
Prevention
 Good oral hygiene: Brushing and flossing regularly.
 Regular dental check-ups: Schedule regular appointments.
 Healthy diet: Eat a balanced diet.
 Avoid smoking: Quit smoking to reduce risk.

DENTAL CARIES
Dental caries, also known as tooth
decay, is a bacterial infection that
causes demineralization of tooth
enamel, leading to cavities.
Causes
 Bacteria: Streptococcus mutans and other bacteria in plaque.
 Sugar consumption: Frequent consumption of sugary foods and drinks.
 Acid erosion: Exposure to acidic foods and drinks.
Symptoms
 Tooth sensitivity: Sensitivity to hot or cold temperatures.
 Toothache: Pain in the tooth or teeth.
 Visible holes: Visible cavities or holes in teeth.
 Discoloration: White, brown, or black spots on teeth.
Treatment
 Fillings: Restoring teeth with fillings (e.g., amalgam, composite).
 Crowns: Covering severely damaged teeth with crowns.
 Root canal: Treating infected pulp and root canal.
 Preventive measures: Fluoride treatments, dental sealants.
Prevention
 Healthy diet: Limit sugary and acidic foods/drinks.
 Fluoride: Use fluoride toothpaste and consider fluoride treatments.

HALITOSIS
Halitosis, also known as bad breath,
is a condition characterized by
persistent unpleasant breath odor.
Causes
 Gum disease: Gingivitis and periodontitis.
 Dry mouth: Reduced saliva production.
 Diet: Consumption of strong-smelling foods.
 Medical conditions: Certain conditions, such as sinusitis or
gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD).
Symptoms
 Unpleasant breath odor: Persistent bad breath.
 Dry mouth: Reduced saliva production.
 Sore tongue or gums: Irritation or inflammation.
Treatment
 Tongue scraping: Removing bacteria from the tongue.
 Mouthwash: Using antibacterial mouthwash.
 Hydration: Drinking plenty of water.
Prevention
 Practice good oral hygiene: Regular brushing and flossing.
 Visit your dentist: Regular check-ups and cleanings.
 Stay hydrated: Drink plenty of water.
 Avoid strong-smelling foods: Limit consumption.

DYSPHAGIA
Dysphagia is difficulty swallowing,
which can be a symptom of various
conditions. It can be painful and
may lead to nutritional deficiencies
if not addressed.
Types
1. Oropharyngeal dysphagia: Difficulty initiating swallowing.
2. Esophageal dysphagia: Difficulty swallowing due to esophageal obstruction
or motility disorders.
Causes
 Neurological disorders: Stroke, Parkinson's disease, or other conditions
affecting the brain and nervous system.
 Esophageal disorders: Conditions such as esophagitis, stricture, or tumor.
 Muscle disorders: Conditions affecting the muscles used for swallowing.
Symptoms
 Difficulty swallowing: Trouble swallowing food, liquids, or both.
 Pain while swallowing: Pain or discomfort when swallowing.
 Regurgitation: Food or liquid coming back up into the mouth.
 Weight loss: Unintentional weight loss due to difficulty eating.
Treatment
 Dietary changes: Modifying the diet to include softer or more liquid
foods.
 Swallowing therapy: Exercises and techniques to improve swallowing.
 Medical treatment: Treating underlying conditions, such as acid reflux or
infections.
 Surgery: In some cases, surgery may be necessary to treat underlying
conditions.

Management
 Eat slowly and carefully: Take small bites and chew thoroughly.
 Avoid certain foods: Avoid foods that are difficult to swallow.
 Stay hydrated: Drink plenty of fluids.
ACHALASIA CARDIA
Achalasia cardia is a rare esophageal
disorder characterized by the
inability of food to pass through the
esophagus and into the stomach.
It's caused by abnormal muscle
contractions and relaxation of the
lower esophageal sphincter (LES).
Causes
 Degeneration of nerve cells: Loss of nerve cells in the esophagus.
 Abnormal muscle function: Abnormal contractions and relaxation of the
Lower Esophageal Sphincter.
Symptoms
 Difficulty swallowing: Trouble swallowing food and liquids.
 Regurgitation: Food and liquids coming back up into the mouth.
 Chest pain: Pain or discomfort in the chest.
 Weight loss: Unintentional weight loss.
Diagnosis
 Barium swallow: Imaging test to visualize the esophagus.
 Endoscopy: Visual examination of the esophagus.
 Manometry: Measuring the muscle contractions of the esophagus.
Treatment
 Pneumatic dilation: Stretching the LES with a balloon.
 Botox injections: Injecting Botox into the LES to relax muscles.
 Surgery: Heller myotomy or other surgical procedures.
 Medications: Medications to relax muscles or reduce symptoms.

Management
 Dietary changes: Eating smaller, more frequent meals.
 Avoiding certain foods: Avoiding foods that exacerbate symptoms.
 Lifestyle modifications: Elevating the head of the bed and avoiding lying
down after eating.
GASTROESOPHAGEAL REFLUX (GERD)
Gastroesophageal reflux disease
(GERD) is a chronic condition where
stomach acid flows back into the
esophagus, causing symptoms and
potentially leading to complications.
Causes
 Weakened lower esophageal sphincter (LES): The LES relaxes abnormally,
allowing acid to flow back up.
 Hiatal hernia: A condition where the stomach bulges up into the chest.
 Obesity: Excess weight can increase pressure on the stomach.
 Certain foods and drinks: Consuming trigger foods and drinks.
Symptoms
 Heartburn: A burning sensation in the chest and throat.
 Regurgitation: Food or acid returning to the mouth.
 Difficulty swallowing: Trouble swallowing food or liquids.
Complications
 Esophagitis: Inflammation of the esophagus.
 Stricture: Narrowing of the esophagus.
 Barrett's esophagus: Precancerous changes in the esophagus.
Treatment

 Lifestyle changes: Dietary modifications, weight loss, and elevating the
head of the bed.
 Medications: Antacids, histamine-2 (H2) blockers, and proton pump
inhibitors (PPIs).
 Surgery: Fundoplication or other surgical procedures.
Management
 Avoid trigger foods: Identify and avoid foods that exacerbate symptoms.
 Eat smaller meals: Reduce symptoms by eating smaller, more frequent
meals.
 Maintain a healthy weight: Lose weight if overweight or obese.
 Elevate the head of the bed: Reduce symptoms by elevating the head of
the bed.
ESOPHAGEAL CANCER
Esophageal cancer is a type of
cancer that affects the esophagus, a
muscular tube that carries food
from the throat to the stomach.
There are two main types of esophageal cancer:
Types
1. Squamous cell carcinoma: A type of cancer that originates in the lining of the
esophagus.
2. Adenocarcinoma: A type of cancer that originates in the glandular cells of
the esophagus.
Causes and Risk Factors
 Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD): Chronic acid reflux can increase
the risk of esophageal cancer.
 Smoking: Smoking is a significant risk factor for esophageal cancer.
 Diet: A diet low in fruits and vegetables may increase the risk.

 Obesity: Being overweight or obese may increase the risk.
Symptoms
 Regurgitation: Food or liquid returning to the mouth.
Diagnosis
 Endoscopy: A visual examination of the esophagus using a flexible tube
with a camera.
 Biopsy: A tissue sample is taken from the esophagus to check for cancer
cells.
 Imaging tests: Tests such as CT scans or PET scans to determine the
extent of the cancer.
Treatment
 Surgery: Removing the cancerous portion of the esophagus.
 Chemotherapy: Using medications to kill cancer cells.
 Radiation therapy: Using high-energy rays to kill cancer cells.
 Palliative care: Focusing on relieving symptoms and improving quality of
life.
Prevention
 Quit smoking: Smoking cessation can reduce the risk of esophageal
cancer.
 Maintain a healthy weight: Losing weight if overweight or obese.
 Eat a balanced diet: Including plenty of fruits and vegetables.
 Manage GERD: Treating GERD can reduce the risk of esophageal cancer.
HIATAL HERNIA
A hiatal hernia occurs when part of the stomach bulges up into the chest
through an opening in the diaphragm, which is the muscle that separates the
chest and abdominal cavities.

Types
1. Sliding hiatal hernia: The most common type, where the stomach and
gastroesophageal junction slide up into the chest.
2. Paraesophageal hiatal hernia: A less common type, where part of the
stomach bulges up into the chest alongside the esophagus.
Causes
 Weakened diaphragm: Weakening of the diaphragm muscles.
 Increased abdominal pressure: Conditions like obesity, pregnancy, or
heavy lifting.
 Aging: Hiatal hernias are more common in older adults.
Symptoms
 Heartburn: Burning sensation in the chest and throat.
 Regurgitation: Food or acid returning to the mouth.
Complications
 Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD): Hiatal hernias can contribute to
GERD.
 Strangulation: In rare cases, the hernia can become strangulated, cutting
off blood supply.
Treatment
 Lifestyle changes: Dietary modifications, weight loss, and avoiding heavy
lifting.
 Medications: Antacids, histamine-2 (H2) blockers, and proton pump
inhibitors (PPIs).
 Surgery: Hiatal hernia repair surgery may be necessary in some cases.

Management
 Eat smaller meals: Reduce symptoms by eating smaller, more frequent
meals.
 Avoid trigger foods: Identify and avoid foods that exacerbate symptoms.
 Maintain a healthy weight: Lose weight if overweight or obese.
 Elevate the head of the bed: Reduce symptoms by elevating the head of
the bed.
GASTRITIS
Gastritis is inflammation of the stomach lining, which can cause discomfort,
pain, and digestive issues.
Types
1. Acute gastritis: Sudden onset of inflammation, often caused by infection or
irritants.
2. Chronic gastritis: Long-term inflammation, often caused by infection or
autoimmune disorders.
Causes

 Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection: Bacterial infection that can cause
gastritis.
 Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs): Long-term use of NSAIDs
can irritate the stomach lining.
 Stress: Physical or emotional stress can exacerbate gastritis.
 Autoimmune disorders: Certain autoimmune disorders can cause chronic
gastritis.
Symptoms
 Abdominal pain: Pain or discomfort in the upper abdomen.
 Nausea and vomiting: Feeling queasy or vomiting.
 Loss of appetite: Reduced appetite due to discomfort.
 Bleeding: In severe cases, gastritis can cause bleeding.
Treatment
 Antacids: Medications that neutralize stomach acid.
 Histamine-2 (H2) blockers: Medications that reduce acid production.
 Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs): Medications that block acid production.
 Antibiotics: If H. pylori infection is present, antibiotics may be prescribed.
Management
 Dietary changes: Avoiding trigger foods and eating smaller meals.
 Avoiding irritants: Avoiding NSAIDs and other irritants.
 Stress management: Practicing stress-reducing techniques.
 Follow-up care: Regular follow-up appointments with a healthcare
provider.
GASTRIC AND DUODENAL ULCERS
Gastric and duodenal ulcers are open sores that develop on the lining of the
stomach (gastric ulcer) or the first part of the small intestine (duodenal ulcer).

Causes
 Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection: Bacterial infection that can cause
ulcers.
 Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs): Long-term use of NSAIDs
can increase the risk of ulcers.
 Excess acid production: Increased acid production can erode the lining of
the stomach or duodenum.
Symptoms
 Abdominal pain: Burning or gnawing pain in the upper abdomen.
Complications
 Bleeding: Ulcers can cause bleeding, which can be life-threatening.
 Perforation: Ulcers can perforate the wall of the stomach or duodenum,
leading to peritonitis.
 Obstruction: Ulcers can narrow the passageway, blocking food from
passing through.
Treatment
 Antibiotics: If H. pylori infection is present, antibiotics may be prescribed.
 Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs): Medications that block acid production.
 Histamine-2 (H2) blockers: Medications that reduce acid production.
 Antacids: Medications that neutralize stomach acid.
Management
 Dietary changes: Avoiding trigger foods and eating smaller meals.

 Avoiding irritants: Avoiding NSAIDs and other irritants.
 Stress management: Practicing stress-reducing techniques.
 Follow-up care: Regular follow-up appointments with a healthcare
provider.
GASTRIC CANCER
Gastric cancer, also known as stomach cancer, is a type of cancer that
originates in the stomach. It's a serious condition that requires prompt medical
attention.
Types
 Adenocarcinoma: The most common type of gastric cancer, originating in
the glandular cells.
 Other types: Less common types include lymphoma, gastrointestinal
stromal tumors (GISTs), and carcinoid tumors.
Risk Factors
 Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection: Chronic infection can increase
the risk.
 Diet: A diet high in salted, smoked, or pickled foods may increase the
risk.
 Family history: A family history of gastric cancer can increase the risk.
 Age: Gastric cancer is more common in older adults.
Symptoms
 Abdominal pain: Pain or discomfort in the upper abdomen.

Diagnosis
 Endoscopy: A visual examination of the stomach using a flexible tube
with a camera.
 Biopsy: A tissue sample is taken from the stomach to check for cancer
cells.
 Imaging tests: Tests such as CT scans or PET scans to determine the
extent of the cancer.
Treatment
 Surgery: Removing the cancerous portion of the stomach.
 Chemotherapy: Using medications to kill cancer cells.
 Radiation therapy: Using high-energy rays to kill cancer cells.
 Targeted therapy: Using medications that target specific cancer cells.
Prevention
 Screening: Regular screening for high-risk individuals.
 H. pylori treatment: Treating H. pylori infection can reduce the risk.
 Dietary changes: Eating a balanced diet and avoiding high-risk foods.
 Avoiding smoking: Quitting smoking can reduce the risk.
GASTROENTERITIS
Gastroenteritis, also known as
stomach flu or viral gastroenteritis,
is an inflammation of the
gastrointestinal tract, typically
caused by a viral or bacterial
infection.

Causes
 Viral infections: Norovirus, rotavirus, and adenovirus are common
causes.
 Bacterial infections: Salmonella, E. coli, and Campylobacter are common
bacterial causes.
 Food poisoning: Consuming contaminated food or water.
 Close contact: Direct contact with an infected person.
Symptoms
 Diarrhoea: Frequent, loose, or watery stools.
 Vomiting: Feeling queasy or vomiting.
 Abdominal pain: Cramping or discomfort in the abdomen.
 Fever: Elevated body temperature.
 Dehydration: Loss of fluids and electrolytes.
Treatment
 Fluid replacement: Drinking plenty of fluids to replace lost electrolytes
and water.
 Rest: Getting plenty of rest to help the body recover.
 Medications: Antiviral or antibacterial medications may be prescribed in
some cases.
 Dietary changes: Eating bland foods, such as bananas, rice, applesauce,
and toast (BRAT diet).
Prevention
 Good hygiene: Washing hands frequently with soap and water.
 Safe food handling: Handling food safely to prevent contamination.
 Avoiding close contact: Avoiding close contact with infected individuals.

 Vaccination: Vaccines are available for some types of gastroenteritis,
such as rotavirus.
ESOPHAGEAL FISTULA
An oesophageal fistula is an abnormal connection or passageway that forms
between the esophagus and another organ or the skin.
Types
 Tracheoesophageal fistula: A connection between the esophagus and
trachea.
 Esophagobronchial fistula: A connection between the esophagus and
bronchus.
 Esophagocutaneous fistula: A connection between the esophagus and
skin.
Causes
 Congenital: Present at birth.
 Surgery: Complication of esophageal surgery.
 Infection: Severe infection or abscess.
 Cancer: Esophageal cancer or other nearby cancers.
 Trauma: Injury to the esophagus.
Symptoms
 Coughing or choking: During eating or drinking.
 Recurrent pneumonia: Due to aspiration of food or liquids.

 Skin irritation: Around the fistula site, if it's an esophagocutaneous
fistula.
Diagnosis
 Imaging tests: Such as barium swallow or CT scans.
 Endoscopy: Visual examination of the esophagus.
Treatment
 Surgery: Repairing the fistula surgically.
 Endoscopic treatment: Using endoscopy to close the fistula.
 Managing symptoms: Treating symptoms and preventing complications.
PERITONITIS
Peritonitis is inflammation of the
peritoneum, a thin layer of tissue
that lines the abdominal cavity. It
can be caused by a bacterial
infection, often due to a rupture or
perforation of the digestive tract.
Causes
 Perforated appendix: A ruptured appendix can spill bacteria into the
abdominal cavity.
 Perforated ulcer: A hole in the stomach or duodenum can allow bacteria
to leak into the abdominal cavity.
 Infected dialysis: Peritonitis can occur in people undergoing peritoneal
dialysis.
 Trauma: Abdominal injury can introduce bacteria into the abdominal
cavity.
Symptoms
 Severe abdominal pain: Pain that can be diffuse or localized.
 Tenderness: The abdomen may be tender to the touch.
 Fever: Elevated body temperature.

 Abdominal distension: The abdomen may become swollen.
Treatment
 Antibiotics: Medications to treat bacterial infections.
 Surgery: May be necessary to repair a perforation or remove an infected
appendix.
 Fluid replacement: Replacing lost fluids and electrolytes.
 Supportive care: Managing symptoms and preventing complications.
Complications
 Sepsis: A life-threatening condition that can occur if the infection spreads
to the bloodstream.
 Abscess formation: A collection of pus that can form in the abdominal
cavity.
 Organ failure: In severe cases, peritonitis can lead to organ failure.
………………………………………………THE END…………………………………………..
BY- BANDITA PATRA
ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR

UPPER GASTRO INTESTINAL DISORDER.docx

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