Carbohydrate metabolism and Glycolysis
- 1. Carbohydrate metabolism & Glycolysis Presented by- Shubhrat Maheshwari
- 2. Carbohydrates metabolism • Carbohydrates are the major source of energy for the living cells. As such, carbohydrates are the first cellular constituents synthesized by green plants during photosynthesis from carbon dioxide and water, on absorption of light. Thus, light is the ultimate source of energy for all biological processes. • It is a biochemical and metabolic process. This is the cumulative stepwise process by which breakdown (catabolism), Formation (anabolism) and inter conversion of carbohydrate takes place in various living organisms.
- 3. • The monosaccharide glucose is the central molecule in carbohydrate metabolism since all the major pathways of carbohydrate metabolism are connected with it.
- 4. Major pathways of carbohydrate metabolism The important pathways of carbohydrate metabolism are listed 1. Glycolysis (Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas pathway): The oxidation of glucose to pyruvate and lactate. 2. Citric acid cycle (Krebs cycle or tricarboxylic acid cycle) : The oxidation of acetyl CoA to CO2. Krebs cycle is the final common oxidative pathway for carbohydrates, fats or amino acids, through acetyl CoA. 3. Gluconeogenesis : The synthesis of glucose from non-carbohydrate precursors( e.g. amino acids, glycerol etc.). 4. Glycogenesis: The formation of glycogen from glucose. 5. Glycogenolysis : The breakdown of glycogen to glucose.
- 5. 6. Hexose monophosphate shunt (pentose phosphate pathway or direct oxidative pathway): This pathway is an alternative to glycolysis and TCA cycle for the oxidation of glucose( directly to carbon dioxide and water). 7. Uronic acid pathway : Glucose is converted to glucuronic acid, pentoses and, in some animals to ascorbic acid (not in man) .This pathway is also an alternative oxidative pathway for glucose. 8. Galactose metabolism : The pathways concerned with the conversion of galactose to Glucose and the synthesis of lactose. 9. Fructose metabolism : The oxidation of fructose to pyruvate and the relation between fructose and glucose metabolism. 10. Amino sugar and mucopolysaccharide metabolism: The synthesis of amino sugars and other sugars for the formation of mucopolysaccharides and glycoproteins.
- 6. GLYCOLYSIS PATHWAY, ENERGETICS AND SIGNIFICANCE
- 7. Introduction • Glycolysis is derived from the Greek words (glycose-sweet or sugar; lysis-dissolution). • lt is a universal pathway in the living cells. • The complete pathway of glycolysis was elucidated in 1940. • This pathway is often referred to as • Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas pathway (E.M.P. pathway) in honour of the two biochemists who made a major contribution to the knowledge of glycolysis. • Definition- Glycolysis is defined as the sequence of reactions converting glucose (or glycogen) to pyruvate or lactate, with the production of ATP.
- 8. Salient features 1. Glycolysis takes place in all cells of the body. The enzymes of this pathway are present in the cytosomal fraction of the cell. 2. Glycolysis occurs in the absence of oxygen (anaerobic) or in the presence of oxygen (aerobic). Lactate is the end product under anaerobic condition. In the aerobic condition, pyruvate is formed, which is then oxidized to CO2 and H2O. 3. Glycolysis is a major pathway for ATP synthesis in tissues lacking mitochondria, e.g. erythrocytes, cornea, lens etc. 4. Glycolysis is very essential for brain which is dependent on glucose for energy. The glucose in brain has to undergo glycolysis before it is oxidized to CO2 and H2O.
- 9. 5. Glycolysis( anaerobium) may be summarized by the net reaction Glucose + 2ADP + 2Pi ------+2 lactate + 2ATP 6. Glycolysis is a central metabolic pathway with many of its intermediates providing branch point to other pathways. Thus, the intermediates of glycolysis are useful for the synthesis of amino acids and fat. 7. Reversal of glycolysis along with the alternate arrangements at the irreversible steps, will result in the synthesis of glucose (gluconeogenesis).
- 10. Reactions of glycolysis • The pathway can be divided into three distinct phases A. Energy investment phase or priming stage B. Splitting phase C. Energy generation phase.
- 12. Figure
- 13. Figure : Glycolysis Pathway (aerobic)
- 14. Energetics
- 15. Significance
- 16. Thank you.