Unit 1 AP Psych Foundations
Download as PPTX, PDF•3 likes•5,119 views
This document provides an overview of the foundations and early influences that shaped the development of psychology. It discusses key figures like Wundt, James, Freud, and Skinner who established schools of thought in structuralism, functionalism, psychoanalysis, and behaviorism. The document also outlines the major perspectives that currently characterize the field, including psychodynamic, behavioral, cognitive, humanistic, biological, evolutionary, sociocultural, and biopsychosocial approaches. Each perspective focuses on different aspects of behavior and mental processes, from unconscious desires to learning and environment to biology and culture.
Unit 1 AP Psych Foundations
- 1. AP Psychology Unit 1: Foundations
- 2. Foundations and Perspectives Unit EQ: How have philosophical perspectives and theoretical approaches shaped the development of psychology? EQ 1: What is Psychology? EQ 2: How have historical figures, philosophical perspectives and various theoretical approaches shaped the development of psychology? EQ 3: How is psychology distinguished by different domains? Vocabulary • Psychology • Structuralism • Functionalism • Introspection • Gestalt
- 3. Early Influence • “What is the nature of the mind and soul?” • “What is the relationship between the mind and the body?” Psyche = Soul ology = Study of
- 4. What is psychology? Psych = Soul -ology = Study of Assessment Prompt: Create a definition for Psychology Definition: The scientific study of mental processes and behavior.
- 5. Psychological Fields Applied vs Research How does a psychiatrist differ from a psychologist? A psychiatrist has a medical degree and can prescribe medicine in addition to therapy.
- 6. Early Influence Gustav Fechner • German physiologist • Realized that one could study mental process by observing sensory stimuli • Discovered complex and predictable relationship between changes in physical characteristics of stimuli and changes in psychological experience • Paved the way for perception research
- 7. Early Influence Wilhelm Wundt • Father of Psychology • Developed concept of introspection • 1st Psychology Laboratory for studying humans • Moved from the philosophy of mental process to the science of mental process Edward Titchener • Expanded on Wundt’s teaching calling it structuralism Margaret Washburn G. Stanley Hall • Receives first Ph.D. based on psychological research • Establishes first U.S. psychology lab at John’s Hopkins • Founder of A.P.A
- 8. Early Influence William James • Father of American Psychology • Rejected structuralism • Founder of functionalism • Wrote first psychology textbook Mary Whinton CalkinsCharles Darwin • Proposed idea of Natural Selection. Physical trait that aid in survival are passed on.
- 9. Early Influence • Objected to structuralist point of view. Experiences couldn’t be broken down into parts and be properly understood. • Founders of Gestalt psychology. • Gestalt (German) • “organized wholes” or “whole shape” • People naturally seek out patterns (“wholes”) in sensory information • “The sum is greater than its parts”
- 10. Early Influence Carl Jung Alfred Adler Anna Freud Erik Erikson Sigmund Freud • Founder of Psychoanalysis • Sought to help patients (therapy) • Idea of the unconscious mind
- 11. Early Influence Ivan Pavlov • His early medical research focused on stimulus / response relationship John Watson • Mental events should be ignored • Founder of behaviorism • Psychology should focus on observable behavior. • Most important determinate of behavior is learning B.F. Skinner • Focused on the effects of rewards and punishments on behavior • Founder of operant conditioning Mary Cover Jones • Early pioneer of behavioral therapy • Began the process of “counterconditioning”
- 12. Early Influence Hermann Ebbinghaus • Believed the focus of structuralism wasn’t as important as exploring capacities and limitations of mental processes • Established a laboratory to study memory and learning.
- 13. Diversity in Psychology Gilbert Haven Jones • Taught at the local black high school in Carlisle, Pa • Masters degree in philosophy from Dickinson College. • Completed his Ph.D. in philosophy two years in Germany. • Jones returned to the United States where he taught at First African American professor of psychology Mary Whinton Calkins • Denied degree by Harvard due to gender • 1st female president of the American Psychological Association Margaret Washburn 1st Women to receive a Ph.D. in psychology
- 14. Diversity in Psychology George (Jorg) Sanchez • Father of “Chicano Psychology” • Worked to show cultural bias in intelligence testing Kenneth and Mamie Clark • Worked to show the negative effects of school segregation Francis Cecil Sumner • First African American to receive a Ph.D. in psychology (1920) • Referred to as the "Father of African American Psychology“
- 15. Structuralism • Wilhelm Wundt • Focused on the basic elements of consciousness • “What are the elements of psychological processes?” • Broke consciousness down (Human Mind) • Objective sensations • Accurately reflect outside world • Subjective sensations • Included emotional experiences • Introspection: a person carefully examines and reports their own experiences
- 16. Functionalism • William James • Stated conscious experience can’t be broken down • Focused on how mental processes help organisms adapt to their environment • “What is the purpose of behavior and process?” • Used introspection and observation • Evolution
- 17. Foundations and Perspectives Unit EQ: How have philosophical perspectives and theoretical approaches shaped the development of psychology? EQ 1: How is psychology distinguished by different domains? Vocabulary • Gestalt • Psychodynamic Approach • Behavioral (Learning) Approach • Biological Approach • Humanistic Perspective • Sociocultural Perspective • Biopsychosocial Approach • Cognitive Approach • Evolutionary Approach
- 18. Psychodynamic Approach • Rooted in the ideas of Sigmund Freud and Psychoanalysis • Behavior and mental process reflects the unconscious struggle • Unconscious desires vs the need to follow rules • Not as focused on unconscious sexual desires as Psychoanalysis • More focus on sense of self and discovery of other motives
- 19. Behavioral (Learning) Approach • Rooted in the ideas of Watson and Skinner • Focus is on observable behavior and how behavior is learned • Rewards and punishments affect behavior • Many now also try to understand thoughts/cognition
- 20. Cognitive Approach • Focuses on • How we take in, mentally represent, and store information • How we perceive and process information • How the cognitive process affects behavior • Text Example-Butting in line (pg. 22)
- 21. Humanistic Approach • Influenced by Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow • Behavior is the result of people choosing how to think and act • Unique experiences guide thoughts and actions • Choices are steered by individual’s unique perspectives • See the world as friendly -> optimistic and secure • People have a natural tendency to grow toward their highest potential
- 22. Bio(psycho)logical Approach • Behavior and Mental Process shaped by the biological process • Study the effects of hormones, genes, and the activity of the nervous system • They would examine brain activity using brain scans when examining thinking • Treatment through medications • Highly influential today
- 23. Evolutionary Approach • Based on Darwin’s Ideas of evolution and natural selection • Focus on Evolution’s impact on genes • Genes result in characteristics and behaviors that are useful and adaptive • Assumes behavior and mental process are the result of evolution. • Ex. Aggression is a form of territorial protection
- 24. Sociocultural • Study the effect that people have on each other whether it is individually or in large groups • Combines: • Social Psychology – study of groups, social roles, and rules of social action • Cultural Psychology – studies cultural norms, values, and expectations
- 25. Biopsychosocial Approach • An integrated viewpoint that incorporates various levels of analysis and offers a more complete picture of any given behavior or mental process.