AP Biopsychology PowerPoint
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This document provides an overview of the nervous system, brain structures and functions, neurotransmitters, and brain imaging techniques relevant to biopsychology. It defines key terms like the central nervous system, somatic nervous system, autonomic nervous system, sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions. Structures of the brain like the cerebrum, cerebellum, hypothalamus, amygdala and their functions are described. The roles of neurotransmitters such as dopamine, serotonin, acetylcholine and endorphins are explained. Different brain imaging techniques including EEG, PET, CT, MRI and fMRI are also introduced.
AP Biopsychology PowerPoint
- 2. Lesson: The Nervous and Endocrine Systems • Central Nervous System • Peripheral Nervous System • Somatic Nervous System • Autonomic Nervous System • Sympathetic Nervous System • Parasympathetic Nervous System • Endocrine System • Thyroid • Androgen • Estrogen EQ: How do biological processes and systems impact behavior? Vocabulary
- 5. Peripheral Nervous System • All nerves that are not encased in bone. • Everything but the brain and spinal cord. • Is divided into two categories….somatic and autonomic.
- 6. Somatic Nervous System • Controls voluntary muscle movement. • Uses motor (efferent) neurons.
- 7. Autonomic Nervous System • Controls the automatic functions of the body. • Divided into two categories…the sympathetic and the parasympathetic • Memory Hint: Auto like automatic or autopilot. Don’t have to think or do.
- 9. Sympathetic Nervous System • Fight or Flight Response. • Automatically accelerates heart rate, breathing, dilates pupils, slows down digestion.
- 10. Parasympathetic Nervous System • Automatically slows the body down after a stressful event. • Heart rate and breathing slow down, pupils constrict and digestion speeds up. • Memory Hint: Para is like parachute. It slow us down.
- 12. Pituitary Gland • “Master Gland” • An important link between the nervous system and the endocrine system • Releases many hormones which affect growth, sexual development, metabolism and the system of reproduction.
- 13. Thyroid Metabolism: the chemical and physical processes in an organism by which protoplasm is produced, sustained, and then decomposed to make energy available.
- 14. Gonads • Sex Glands • Ovaries • Testes • Estrogens • Greater amounts in females • Necessary for normal sexual development of the female • Regulates the menstrual cycle during the childbearing years. • Androgens • Greater amounts in males • Present in females in small amounts • Related to aggression
- 15. Lesson: The Brain • Cerebrum (Cerebral Cortex) • Cerebellum • Pons • Medulla • Reticular Activating System • Corpus Callosum • Thalamus • Hypothalamus • Hippocampus • Amygdala • Pituitary Gland • Spinal Cord EQ: How do biological processes and systems impact behavior? Vocabulary
- 17. Spinal Cord • Transmits neural signals between the brain and the rest of the body. • Contains neural circuits that can independently control numerous reflexes
- 18. The Brain
- 19. Brain Structures • Some scientists divide the brain up into three parts. • Hindbrain • Midbrain • Forebrain
- 20. Medulla (Oblongata) • Heart rate • Breathing • Blood Pressure
- 21. Pons • Connects hindbrain, midbrain and forebrain together. • Respiration • Movement • Sleep • Facial expressions
- 22. Reticular Activating System (RAS) • Responsible for regulating arousal and sleep • Helps mediate transitions from relaxed wakefulness to periods of high attention.
- 23. Cerebellum • Means “little brain” • Voluntary muscle movements. • Coordination • Balance
- 24. Thalamus • In Forebrain • Receives sensory information and sends them to appropriate areas of the cerebral cortex. • Like a switchboard. • Everything but smell.
- 25. Limbic System • EMOTIONAL CONTROL CENTER of the brain. • Includes: • Amygdala • Hippocampus • Hypothalamus
- 26. Hippocampus and Amygdala • Hippocampus is involved in memory processing. • Amygdala is vital for our basic emotions. Involved with anger
- 27. Hypothalamus • Pea sized in brain, but plays a not so pea sized role. • Body temperature • Hunger • Thirst • Sexual Arousal (libido) • Endocrine System
- 28. Pituitary Gland • “Master Gland” • An important link between the nervous system and the endocrine system • Releases many hormones which affect growth, sexual development, metabolism and the system of reproduction.
- 29. Cerebrum (Cerebral Cortex) • Top layer of our brain. • Responsible for high- level mental process and thought • Contains wrinkles called fissures. • The fissures increase surface area of our brain. • Divided into two hemispheres
- 31. Corpus Callosum • Corpus Callosum attaches the two hemispheres of cerebral cortex. • Allows both hemispheres to communicate with one another
- 33. Lesson: Areas and Lobes of the Brain • Frontal Lobe • Parietal Lobe • Occipital Lobe • Temporal Lobe • Motor Cortex (Strip) • (Soma)Sensory Cortex (Strip) • Broca’s Area • Wernicke’s Area EQ: How do biological processes and systems impact behavior? Vocabulary
- 34. Lobes and Areas of the Brain
- 35. Areas of the Cerebral Cortex • Divided into eight lobes, four in each hemisphere (frontal, parietal, occipital and temporal). • Any area not dealing with our senses or muscle movements are called association areas.
- 36. Frontal Lobe • Executive center of the brain. • Deals with planning, maintaining emotional control, abstract thought, and the storage of memories. • Contains Broca’s Area. • Contains Motor Cortex (Strip)
- 37. Phineas Gage
- 38. Parietal Lobes • Located at the top of our head. • Contains the Somasensory Cortex (Strip) • Rest are association areas.
- 39. Temporal Lobes • Process sound sensed by ears. • Not lateralized. • Contains Wernicke’s area.
- 40. Occipital Lobes • In the back of our head. • Contains the visual association area which handles visual information from the eyes. • Right half of each retina goes to left occipital lobe and vice versa.
- 41. Broca’s and Wernicke’s Areas • Broca’s Area • Located in the frontal lobe • Responsible for speaking • When damaged (aphasia) people speak slowly/laboriously with simple sentences • Wernicke’s Area • Located in the temporal lobe • Responsible for understanding speech • When damaged(aphasia) speech is meaningless
- 42. Mapping of the Motor and Sensory Strips
- 44. Lesson: Split Brain/Cerebral Lateralization • Corpus Callosum • Epilepsy • Longitudinal Fissure EQ: How do biological processes and systems impact behavior? Vocabulary
- 45. Hemispheres • Divided into a left and right hemisphere. • Contra-lateral controlled- left controls right side of body and vice versa. • Brain Lateralization.
- 46. Cutting the Corpus Callosum WHY? Longitudinal Fissure
- 47. Split Brain: Assignment 1 •Read with a Purpose: Read p. 65 in alternate textbook. •Summarize the main points and the experiment discussed. •Focus on the outcomes.
- 49. Split Brain Research Watch The Video: Part 1- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lfGwsAdS9Dc
- 51. Split Brain: Hint on Remembering LEFT LANGUAGE LOGIC LINEAR
- 52. Lesson: The Neuron • Dendrites • Cell body (Soma) • Axon • Myelin Sheath • Synapse • Vesicles • Nodes of Ranvier • Neurotransmitters EQ: How do biological processes and systems impact behavior? Vocabulary
- 53. Glial Cells • 90% of Brain Cells • Provides Structure • Get Nutrients • Clean up Neurons that have died. • Communication • Insulate Neurons
- 55. Neuroanatomy SynapseSynapse Neurotransmitters (chemicals held in terminal buttons that travel through synaptic gap)
- 57. Types of Neurons • Efferent (Motor) Neurons: originates in the motor region of the cerebral cortex or the brain stem, whose cell body is located in the spinal cord and whose fiber (axon) projects outside the spinal cord to directly or indirectly control muscles. • Interneurons: forms a connection between other neurons • Afferent (Sensory) Neurons: conveying sensory information to the brain or spinal cord.
- 59. Electrical vs. Chemical Synapse Pre- and post- synaptic cells lack cytoplasmic continuity
- 60. The Synapse
- 61. How does a Neuron fire? • Resting Potential: slightly negative charge. • Reach the threshold when enough neurotransmitters reach dendrites. • Go into Action Potential. • All-or-none response. • Transfer of ions across axon’s membrane causes electrical charge.
- 62. Firing of a Neuron
- 63. Lesson: Neurotransmitters • Acetylcholine • Dopamine • Serotonin • Endorphins • GABA • Reuptake • SSRI • Neurotransmitter EQ: How do biological processes and systems impact behavior? Vocabulary
- 64. Dopamine • Deals with infatuation, motor movement, and alertness. • Lack of dopamine has been linked to Parkinson’s disease. • Too much has been linked to schizophrenia. • Cocaine increases levels of dopamine by blocking reuptake http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4OS2C4NemJI&feature=related
- 65. • Involved in mood control. • Lack of Serotonin has been linked to clinical depression • SSRI’s • Paxil • Zoloft Serotonin
- 66. Acetylcholine (ACH) • Deals with motor movement and memory. • Lack of ACH has been linked to Alzheimer’s disease. • Nicotine triggers ACH receptor sites. • Reduce # of ACH receptors resulting in withdrawal symptoms and cravings.
- 67. Endorphins (Endogenous Morphine) • Involved in pain control and feelings of wellbeing • Opiates and endorphins trigger the same receptor sites. (morphine, codeine, heroin) • Causes the Runner’s High
- 68. Drugs can be….. • Agonists- make neuron fire • Antagonists- stop neural firing • Reuptake Inhibitors- block reuptake
- 70. Lesson: Brain Scans • EEG • PET • CT (CAT) • MRI • fMRI EQ: What role to brain scans play in psychology? Vocabulary
- 71. Examining the Brain EEG CT (CAT) PET
- 73. SPEC Imaging 1. What is the controversy related to brain imagery? 2. What are Dr. Amen’s stances regarding this controversy? 3. What have been some of the real world benefits to the use of SPEC imaging?
- 75. Lesson Activator Any questions prior to the Biopsychology Exam?